Editing Campania (section)

===The Kingdom===

====Norman to Angevin====
{{See also|Kingdom of Sicily|Kingdom of Naples|List of monarchs of Naples}}
[[File:Napoli Castel Nuovo Maschio Angioino, a seat of medieval kings of Naples and Aragon 2013.jpg|thumb|Early kings ruled from [[Castel Nuovo]]]]
After a period as a Norman kingdom, the [[Kingdom of Sicily]] passed to the [[House of Hohenstaufen|Hohenstaufens]], who were a powerful Germanic [[royal house]] of [[Swabia]]n origins.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/swabian.html|publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu|title=Swabian Naples|date=7 October 2007|access-date=22 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501071528/http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/swabian.html|archive-date=1 May 2009}}</ref> The [[University of Naples Federico II]] was founded by [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] in the city, the oldest state university in the world, making Naples the intellectual centre of the kingdom.<ref name="oldestuni">{{cite news|url=http://www.scholarshipnet.info/postgraduate/italy-phd-scholarships-in-various-fields-at-university-of-naples-federico-ii/|publisher=ScholarshipNet.info|title=Italy: PhD Scholarships in Various Fields at University of Naples-Federico II|date=7 October 2007|access-date=22 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130015326/http://www.scholarshipnet.info/postgraduate/italy-phd-scholarships-in-various-fields-at-university-of-naples-federico-ii/|archive-date=30 January 2009}}</ref> Conflict between the Hohenstaufen house and the [[Papacy]], led in 1266 to [[Pope Innocent IV]] crowning [[Capetian House of Anjou|Angevin Dynasty]] duke [[Charles I of Naples|Charles I]] as the king.<ref name = "dieli"/> Charles officially moved the capital from [[Palermo]] to Naples where he resided at the ''[[Castel Nuovo]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.planetware.com/naples/castel-nuovo-i-cm-ncn.htm|publisher=PlanetWare.com|title=Naples – Castel Nuovo|date=7 October 2007|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-date=18 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518044615/http://www.planetware.com/naples/castel-nuovo-i-cm-ncn.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> During this period, much [[Gothic architecture]] sprang up around Naples, including the [[Naples Cathedral]], the main church of the city.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bruzelius |first=Caroline |author-link=Caroline Bruzelius |title="ad modum franciae": Charles of Anjou and Gothic Architecture in the Kingdom of Sicily |issue=4 |pages=402–420 |journal=The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians |volume=50 |jstor=990664|year=1991 |doi=10.2307/990664 }}</ref>

In 1281, with the advent of the [[Sicilian Vespers]], the kingdom split in half. The Angevin [[Kingdom of Naples]] included the southern part of the Italian peninsula, while the island of [[Sicily]] became the [[Crown of Aragon|Aragonese]] [[Kingdom of Sicily]].<ref name = "dieli"/> The wars continued until the [[peace of Caltabellotta]] in 1302, which saw [[Frederick III of Sicily|Frederick III]] recognised as king of the Isle of Sicily, while [[Charles II of Naples|Charles II]] was recognised as the [[List of monarchs of Naples|king of Naples]] by [[Pope Boniface VIII]].<ref name="dieli">{{cite news|url=http://www.dieli.net/SicilyPage/History/SicilianHist.html|publisher=Dieli.net|title=Sicilian History|date=7 October 2007|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-date=4 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504185251/http://www.dieli.net/SicilyPage/History/SicilianHist.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite the split, Naples grew in importance, attracting [[Republic of Pisa|Pisan]] and [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] merchants,<ref>{{cite book |last=Constable |first=Olivia Remie |title=Housing the Stranger in the Mediterranean World: Lodging, Trade, and Travel |publisher=Humana Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y9H7mfxqs7UC&pg=PA209|isbn=1-58829-171-5|date=2002}}</ref> [[Tuscany|Tuscan]] bankers, and with them some of the most championed [[Italian Renaissance|Renaissance]] artists of the time, such as [[Giovanni Boccaccio|Boccaccio]], [[Petrarch]] and [[Giotto di Bondone|Giotto]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.naples-city.info/napoli/angioinoeng.htm|publisher=Naples-City.info|title=Angioino Castle, Naples|date=7 October 2007|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-date=29 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929152952/http://www.naples-city.info/napoli/angioinoeng.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Alfonso V of Aragon|Alfonso I]] conquered Naples after his victory against the last [[Capetian House of Anjou|Angevin]] king, [[René I of Naples|René]], and Naples was unified for a brief period with Sicily again.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/spain/aragonexp.html|publisher=Zum.de|title=Aragonese Overseas Expansion, 1282–1479|date=7 October 2007|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-date=29 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229072358/http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/spain/aragonexp.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Aragonese to Bourbon====
{{See also|Kingdom of Naples|Parthenopaean Republic|Two Sicilies|List of monarchs of the Two Sicilies}}
[[File:Onofrio Palumbo - Masaniello.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Revolutionary [[Masaniello]]]]
Sicily and Naples were separated in 1458 but remained as dependencies of [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]] under [[Ferdinand I of Naples|Ferrante]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=HGLTkBTylpyyN6nRHvHhh1ChNGN38XWmr4HZhn5HLhnkkhWHHhXn!602093125?docId=5000263626|publisher=|title=Ferrante of Naples: the statecraft of a Renaissance prince|date=7 October 2007|access-date=|archive-date=23 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223043514/http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=HGLTkBTylpyyN6nRHvHhh1ChNGN38XWmr4HZhn5HLhnkkhWHHhXn!602093125?docId=5000263626|url-status=dead}}</ref> The new dynasty enhanced Naples' commerce by establishing relations with the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. Naples also became a centre of the Renaissance, with artists such as [[Francesco Laurana|Laurana]], [[Antonello da Messina|da Messina]], [[Jacopo Sannazzaro|Sannazzaro]] and [[Poliziano]] arriving in the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://naples.rome-in-italy.com/history_naples_2.html|publisher=Naples.Rome-in-Italy.com|title=Naples Middle-Ages|date=7 October 2007|access-date=22 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410223414/http://naples.rome-in-italy.com/history_naples_2.html|archive-date=10 April 2008}}</ref> During 1501 Naples came under direct rule from [[Ancien Régime in France|France]] at the time of [[Louis XII of France|Louis XII]], as Neapolitan king [[Frederick IV of Naples|Frederick]] was taken as a prisoner to France; this lasted four years.<ref name = "spanishnaples"/> [[Spain]] won Naples at the [[Battle of Garigliano (1503)|Battle of Garigliano]] and, as a result, Naples then became part of the [[Spanish Empire]] throughout the entire [[Habsburg Spain]] period.<ref name = "spanishnaples"/> The Spanish sent [[viceroy]]s [[List of viceroys of Naples|to Naples]] to directly deal with local issues: the most important of which was [[Pedro Álvarez de Toledo]], who was responsible for considerable social, economic and urban progress in the city; he also supported the [[Spanish Inquisition|Inquisition]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/toledo.html|publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu|title=Don Pedro de Toledo|date=7 October 2007|access-date=22 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509001635/http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/toledo.html|archive-date=9 May 2008}}</ref>
[[File:Interno Reggia Caserta.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Caserta Palace]], inside]]
During this period Naples became Europe's second largest city after [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fodors.com/world/europe/italy/naples%20&%3B%20pompeii/feature_30006.html|publisher=Fodors.com|title=Naples Through the Ages|date=7 October 2007|access-date=22 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220215836/http://www.fodors.com/world/europe/italy/naples%20%26%3B%20pompeii/feature_30006.html|archive-date=20 December 2016}}</ref> During the [[Baroque]] era it was home to artists including [[Caravaggio]], [[Salvator Rosa|Rosa]] and [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini|Bernini]]; philosophers such as [[Bernardino Telesio|Telesio]], [[Giordano Bruno|Bruno]], [[Tommaso Campanella|Campanella]] and [[Giambattista Vico|Vico]]; and writers such as [[Gian Battista Marino|Battista Marino]]. A revolution led by local [[fisherman]] [[Masaniello]] saw the creation of a brief independent [[Neapolitan Republic (1647)|Neapolitan Republic]], though this lasted only a few months before Spanish rule was regained.<ref name="spanishnaples">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-27691/Italy|encyclopedia=Britannica.com|title=Spanish acquisition of Naples|date=7 October 2007|access-date=2 June 2022|archive-date=18 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218181240/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-27691/Italy|url-status=live}}</ref> Finally, by 1714, the Spanish ceased to rule Naples as a result of the [[War of the Spanish Succession]]; it was the [[Austria]]n [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles VI]] who ruled from [[Vienna]], similarly, with viceroys.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/ch/Charles6HRE.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218115624/http://www.bartleby.com/65/ch/Charles6HRE.html|archive-date=18 December 2007|publisher=Bartleby.com|title=Charles VI, Holy Roman emperor|date=7 October 2007}}</ref> However, the
[[War of the Polish Succession]] saw the Spanish regain Sicily and Naples as part of a [[personal union]], which in the [[Treaty of Vienna (1738)|Treaty of Vienna]] were recognised as independent under a [[cadet branch]] of the Spanish [[House of Bourbon|Bourbons]] in 1738 under [[Charles III of Spain|Charles VII]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.realcasadiborbone.it/uk/archiviostorico/cs_04.htm |publisher=RealCasaDiBorbone.it |title=Charles of Bourbon – the restorer of the Kingdom of Naples |date=7 October 2007 |access-date=22 July 2009 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926150113/http://www.realcasadiborbone.it/uk/archiviostorico/cs_04.htm |archive-date=26 September 2009 }}</ref>
[[File:Ferdinand i twosicilies.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand]], Bourbon king]]
During the time of [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand IV]], the [[French Revolution]] made its way to Naples: [[Horatio Nelson]], an ally of the Bourbons, even arrived in the city in 1798 to warn against it. However, Ferdinand was forced to retreat and fled to [[Palermo]], where he was protected by a [[Royal Navy|British fleet]].<ref name = "parth"/> Naples' [[Social class|lower classes]] (the ''[[Naples Lazzaroni|lazzaroni]]'') were pious and [[Monarchism|Royalist]], favouring the Bourbons; in the mêlée that followed, they fought the Neapolitan pro-[[French First Republic|Republican]] aristocracy, causing a [[civil war]].<ref name = "parth"/> The Republicans conquered [[Castel Sant'Elmo]] and proclaimed a [[Parthenopaean Republic]], secured by the [[French Army]].<ref name = "parth"/> A [[counter-revolution]]ary religious army of ''lazzaroni'' under [[Fabrizio Ruffo]] was raised; they had great success and the French surrendered the Neapolitan castles and were allowed to sail back to [[Toulon]].<ref name="parth">{{cite news|url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Parthenopean_Republic.html|publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu|title=The Parthenopean Republic|date=7 October 2007|access-date=22 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010306191407/http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Parthenopean_Republic.html|archive-date=6 March 2001}}</ref>

Ferdinand IV was restored as king; however, after only seven years [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] conquered the kingdom and instated [[House of Bonaparte|Bonapartist]] kings including his brother [[Joseph Bonaparte]].<ref name = "bonap"/> With the help of the [[Austrian Empire]] and allies, the Bonapartists were defeated in the [[Neapolitan War]] and Bourbon Ferdinand IV once again regained the throne and the kingdom.<ref name = "bonap"/> The [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815 saw the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily combined to form the [[Two Sicilies]],<ref name="bonap">{{cite news|url=http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/november/neapolitan1815.htm|publisher=Onwar.com|title=Austria Naples – Neapolitan War 1815|date=7 October 2007|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010731220756/http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/november/neapolitan1815.htm|archive-date=31 July 2001|url-status=dead}}</ref> with Naples as the capital city. Naples became the first city on the Italian peninsula to have a [[railway]] in 1839,<ref name="railway">{{cite news|url=https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=HFrVrf1TjfQLz1blXyCDqSvFywZQx4Xvx2hbqJH3pFdT6mQhPSs2!2097620639?docId=5001632992|publisher=|title=La dolce vita? Italy by rail, 1839–1914|date=7 October 2007|access-date=|archive-date=24 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624034630/http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=HFrVrf1TjfQLz1blXyCDqSvFywZQx4Xvx2hbqJH3pFdT6mQhPSs2!2097620639?docId=5001632992|url-status=dead}}</ref> there were many factories throughout the kingdom making it a highly important trade centre.<ref name="bourb">{{cite news|url=http://www.neoborbonici.it/portal/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&Itemid=137|publisher=NeoBorbonici.it|title=Why Neo-Bourbons|date=7 October 2007|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422121649/http://www.neoborbonici.it/portal/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&Itemid=137|url-status=live}}</ref>