Editing Camel (section)

===Genetics===
The [[karyotype]]s of different camelid species have been studied earlier by many groups,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=K.M. |last2=Hungerford |first2=D.A. |last3=Snyder |first3=R.L. |last4=Ulmer Jr. |first4=F.A. |title=Uniformity of karyotypes in the Camelidae |journal=Cytogenetic and Genome Research |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=8–15 |year=1968 |doi=10.1159/000129967 |pmid=5659175}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koulischer |first1=L |last2=Tijskens |first2=J |last3=Mortelmans |first3=J |title=Mammalian cytogenetics. IV. The chromosomes of two male Camelidae: Camelus bactrianus and Lama vicugna. |journal=Acta Zoologica et Pathologica Antverpiensia |volume=52 |pages=89–92 |year=1971 |pmid=5163286}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bianchi |first1=N. O. |last2=Larramendy |first2=M. L. |last3=Bianchi |first3=M. S. |last4=Cortés |first4=L. |title=Karyological conservatism in South American camelids |journal=Experientia |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=622–4 |year=1986 |doi=10.1007/BF01955563|s2cid=23440910 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Thomas D. |last1=Bunch |first2=Warren C. |last2=Foote |first3=Alma |last3=Maciulis |year=1985 |title=Chromosome banding pattern homologies and NORs for the Bactrian camel, guanaco, and llama |journal=Journal of Heredity |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=115–8 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110034 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Stephen J. |editor1-last=O'Brien |editor2-first=Joan C. |editor2-last=Menninger |editor3-first=William G. |editor3-last=Nash |year=2006 |title=Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes |url=https://archive.org/details/atlasmammalianch00obri |url-access=limited |location=New York |publisher=Wiley-Liss |isbn=978-0-471-35015-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/atlasmammalianch00obri/page/n589 547]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Di Berardino |first1=D. |last2=Nicodemo |first2=D. |last3=Coppola |first3=G. |last4=King |first4=A.W. |last5=Ramunno |first5=L. |last6=Cosenza |first6=G.F. |last7=Iannuzzi |first7=L. |last8=Di Meo |first8=G.P. |last9=Balmus |first9=G. | display-authors = 8|title=Cytogenetic characterization of alpaca (''Lama pacos'', fam. Camelidae) prometaphase chromosomes |journal=Cytogenetic and Genome Research |volume=115 |issue=2 |pages=138–44 |year=2006 |pmid=17065795 |doi=10.1159/000095234|s2cid=21378633 }}</ref> but no agreement on chromosome nomenclature of camelids has been reached. A 2007 study [[flow sorting|flow sorted]] camel chromosomes, building on the fact that camels have 37 pairs of chromosomes (2n=74), and found that the karyotype consisted of one [[Centromere#Metacentric|metacentric]], three submetacentric, and 32 acrocentric autosomes. The [[Y chromosome|Y]] is a small metacentric chromosome, while the [[X chromosome|X]] is a large metacentric chromosome.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Balmus |first1=Gabriel |last2=Trifonov |first2=Vladimir A. |last3=Biltueva |first3=Larisa S. |last4=O'Brien |first4=Patricia C.M. |last5=Alkalaeva |first5=Elena S. |last6=Fu |first6=Beiyuan |last7=Skidmore |first7=Julian A. |last8=Allen |first8=Twink |last9=Graphodatsky |first9=Alexander S. | display-authors = 8|title=Cross-species chromosome painting among camel, cattle, pig and human: further insights into the putative Cetartiodactyla ancestral karyotype |journal=Chromosome Research |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=499–515 |year=2007 |pmid=17671843 |doi=10.1007/s10577-007-1154-x|s2cid=23226488 }}</ref>
[[File:Camel skull.jpg|thumb|right|Skull of an F1 hybrid camel, [[Museum of Osteology]], Oklahoma]]
The [[hybrid camel]], a hybrid between Bactrian and dromedary camels, has one hump, though it has an indentation {{convert|4|–|12|cm|in|abbr=on}} deep that divides the front from the back. The hybrid is {{convert|2.15|m|ftin|abbr=on}} at the shoulder and {{convert|2.32|m|ftin|abbr=on}} tall at the hump. It weighs an average of {{convert|650|kg|lb|abbr=on}} and can carry around {{convert|400|to|450|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, which is more than either the dromedary or Bactrian can.<ref name=potts>{{cite journal|url=http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/newsletter/vol3num1/7_bactrian.php|title=Bactrian Camels and Bactrian-Dromedary Hybrids|last=Potts|first=Danel|journal=Silkroad|volume=3|issue=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623020952/http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/newsletter/vol3num1/7_bactrian.php|archive-date=2016-06-23|access-date=2012-11-29}}</ref>

According to molecular data, the wild Bactrian camel (''C. ferus'') separated from the domestic Bactrian camel (''C. bactrianus'') about 1 million years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mohandesan|first1=Elmira|last2=Fitak|first2=Robert R.|last3=Corander|first3=Jukka|last4=Yadamsuren|first4=Adiya|last5=Chuluunbat|first5=Battsetseg|last6=Abdelhadi|first6=Omer|last7=Raziq|first7=Abdul|last8=Nagy|first8=Peter|last9=Stalder|first9=Gabrielle|date=30 August 2017|title=Mitogenome Sequencing in the Genus Camelus Reveals Evidence for Purifying Selection and Long-term Divergence between Wild and Domestic Bactrian Camels|journal=[[Scientific Reports]]|language=En|volume=7|issue=1|pages=9970|doi=10.1038/s41598-017-08995-8|pmid=28855525|issn=2045-2322|pmc=5577142|bibcode=2017NatSR...7.9970M}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ji|first1=R|last2=Cui|first2=P|last3=Ding|first3=F|last4=Geng|first4=J|last5=Gao|first5=H|last6=Zhang|first6=H|last7=Yu|first7=J|last8=Hu|first8=S|last9=Meng|first9=H|date=August 2009|title=Monophyletic origin of domestic bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) and its evolutionary relationship with the extant wild camel (Camelus bactrianus ferus)|journal=Animal Genetics|volume=40|issue=4|pages=377–382|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2052.2008.01848.x|issn=0268-9146|pmc=2721964|pmid=19292708}}</ref> New World and Old World camelids diverged about 11 million years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stanley |first1=H. F. |last2=Kadwell |first2=M. |last3=Wheeler |first3=J. C. |title=Molecular Evolution of the Family Camelidae: A Mitochondrial DNA Study |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=256 |issue=1345 |pages=1–6 |year=1994 |doi=10.1098/rspb.1994.0041|pmid=8008753 |bibcode=1994RSPSB.256....1S |s2cid=40857282 }}</ref> In spite of this, these species can hybridize and produce viable offspring.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Skidmore |first1=J. A. |last2=Billah |first2=M. |last3=Binns |first3=M. |last4=Short |first4=R. V. |last5=Allen |first5=W. R. |title=Hybridizing Old and New World camelids: Camelus dromedarius x Lama guanicoe |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=266 |issue=1420 |pages=649–56 |year=1999 |doi=10.1098/rspb.1999.0685 |pmid=10331286 |pmc=1689826}}</ref> The [[Cama (animal)|cama]] is a camel-llama hybrid bred by scientists to see how closely related the parent species are.<ref name="bbc-came">{{cite news | title = Meet Rama the cama ... | publisher = BBC | access-date = 29 November 2012 | date = 21 January 1998 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/49301.stm | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121023042733/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/49301.stm | archive-date = 23 October 2012 }}</ref> Scientists [[collected semen]] from a camel via an artificial vagina and inseminated a llama after stimulating ovulation with [[gonadotrophin]] injections.<ref name=fahmy02>{{cite web|title='Cama' camel/llama hybrids born in UAE research centre |url=http://www.royalsociety.org.nz/2002/03/21/emirates-cama/ |first=Miral |last=Fahmy |date=21 March 2002 |access-date=28 November 2012 |work=Science in the News |publisher=The Royal Society of New Zealand |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927105152/http://www.royalsociety.org.nz/2002/03/21/emirates-cama/ |archive-date=27 September 2013 }}</ref> The cama is halfway in size between a camel and a llama and lacks a hump. It has ears intermediate between those of camels and llamas, longer legs than the llama, and partially [[cloven-hoof|cloven hooves]].<ref name=campbell05>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jul/15/highereducation.science | title=Bad karma for cross llama without a hump | newspaper=The Guardian | first=Duncan | last=Campbell | date=15 July 2002 | access-date=2 March 2009 | location=London | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826054716/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jul/15/highereducation.science | archive-date=26 August 2013 }}</ref><ref name=metrouk>{{cite web | title = Joy for world's first camel and llama cross | work = Metro UK | access-date = 29 November 2012 | url = http://www.metro.co.uk/news/136134-joy-for-world-s-first-camel-and-llama-cross | date = 6 April 2008 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121125032426/http://www.metro.co.uk/news/136134-joy-for-world-s-first-camel-and-llama-cross | archive-date = 25 November 2012 }}</ref> Like the [[mule]], camas are sterile, despite both parents having the same number of chromosomes.<ref name="fahmy02"/>