Editing Cambridge, Massachusetts (section)

===19th century and industrialization===
Between 1790 and 1840, Cambridge grew rapidly with the construction of [[West Boston Bridge]] in 1792 connecting Cambridge directly to [[Boston]], making it no longer necessary to travel {{convert|8|mi|km|spell=in}} through the [[Boston Neck]], [[Roxbury, Massachusetts|Roxbury]], and [[Brookline, Massachusetts|Brookline]] to cross the [[Charles River]]. A second bridge, the Canal Bridge, opened in 1809 alongside the new [[Middlesex Canal]]. The new bridges and roads made what were formerly estates and marshland into prime industrial and residential districts.

In the mid-19th century, Cambridge was the center of a literary revolution. It was home to some of the famous [[Fireside poets]], named because their poems would often be read aloud by families in front of their evening fires. The Fireside poets, including [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]], [[James Russell Lowell]], and [[Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.|Oliver Wendell Holmes]], were highly popular and influential in this era.

Soon after, [[Toll road|turnpikes]] were built: the [[Cambridge and Concord Turnpike]] (today's Broadway and Concord Ave.), the [[Middlesex Turnpike (Massachusetts)|Middlesex Turnpike]] (Hampshire St. and [[Massachusetts Avenue (metropolitan Boston)|Massachusetts Ave.]] northwest of [[Porter Square]]), and what are today's Cambridge, Main, and Harvard Streets connected various areas of Cambridge to the bridges. In addition, the town was connected to the [[Boston & Maine Railroad]],{{sfnp|''EB''|1911|p=96}} leading to the development of Porter Square as well as the creation of neighboring [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]] from the formerly rural parts of [[Charlestown, Boston|Charlestown]].

Cambridge was incorporated as a city in 1846.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} The city's commercial center began to shift from Harvard Square to Central Square, which became the city's downtown around that time.

Between 1850 and 1900, Cambridge took on much of its present character, featuring [[streetcar suburb]]an development along the turnpikes and [[working class]] and industrial neighborhoods focused on East Cambridge, comfortable middle-class housing on the old Cambridgeport, and Mid-Cambridge estates and upper-class enclaves near Harvard University and on the minor hills. The arrival of the railroad in North Cambridge and Northwest Cambridge led to three changes: the development of massive brickyards and brickworks between [[Massachusetts Avenue (metropolitan Boston)|Massachusetts Avenue]], [[Concord Avenue (Cambridge, Massachusetts)|Concord Avenue]], and [[Alewife Brook]]; the ice-cutting industry launched by [[Frederic Tudor]] on [[Fresh Pond, Cambridge, Massachusetts|Fresh Pond]]; and the carving up of the last estates into residential subdivisions to house the thousands of immigrants who arrived to work in the new industries.

For much of the 19th and early 20th centuries, the city's largest employer was the [[New England Glass Company]], founded in 1818. By the middle of the 19th century, it was the world's largest and most modern glassworks. In 1888, [[Edward Libbey|Edward Drummond Libbey]] moved all production to [[Toledo, Ohio]], where it continues today under the name [[Owens-Illinois]]. The company's flint glassware with heavy lead content is prized by antique glass collectors, and the [[Toledo Museum of Art]] has a large collection. The [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston|Museum of Fine Arts]] in Boston and the Sandwich Glass Museum on [[Cape Cod]] also house several pieces.

In 1895, [[Edwin Ginn]], founder of [[Ginn and Company]], built the [[Athenaeum Press]] Building for his publishing textbook empire.