Editing Cajemé (section)

===Cajemé's Rebellion Against Mexican Authority===

Due to Mexican government opposition to Yaqui self-government, Cajemé was forced to lead the Yaqui in a war against the [[Federal government of the United Mexican States|Mexican state]] and those who sought to control and confiscate the traditional Yaqui lands. The war was long-lasting due to the skill of the Yaqui in battle under Cajemé's leadership, and was particularly brutal, with atrocities on both sides, but with a much larger-scale slaughter by the military forces of the Mexican government under President [[Porfirio Díaz]].<ref>See Zoontjens and Glenlivet (2007) for additional factors behind the rebellion</ref>
[[File:Daiz-circa-1887.jpg|thumb|right|150px|President Porfirio Diaz - c. 1887]]
[[File:AngelMartinez-1900.jpg|thumb|left|150px|General [[Ángel Martínez (general)|Ángel Martínez]], c. 1900, who fought against the Yaquis]]

One of the many battles during this period was the '''Battle of [[Capetamaya]],''' which took place on October 15, 1882. Cajemé, as he was now known, was holding a meeting with the indigenous [[Mayo people|Mayo]] in the vicinity of a place called Capetamaya in [[Sonora]]. Colonel Augustine Ortiz, who was a landowner in the area of the Mayo people, and who was also the brother of then governor of [[Sonora]] Carlos Ortiz, who had succeeded Pesqueira, attacked the assembly with elements of the [[Mexican Army]]. Ortiz reported that about [[Yaqui]] and [[Mayo people|Mayo]] 2,000 soldiers led by Cajemé faced his group of 300 men. The Yaqui's forces were scattered after losing 200 men, and Cajemé was wounded, losing part of his right index finger. The attack was seen by many as unnecessary, and led to public criticism against the new governor and his brother, which became so intense that it resulted in the dismissal of Carlos Ortiz as governor of [[Sonora]]<ref>Troncoso, 1905</ref>

Cajemé, when traveling with his Yaqui soldiers, would often sing in Spanish at the head of his troops. Riding on a horse, he would hook his leg around the [[Saddle|pommel]] of his saddle, and sing a song of bravery and lack of fear of the Mexican army. He would have two men with him, one on each side, and would be followed by approximately thirty more men on horseback, arranged in groups of ten, spaced some distance apart. Following at the rear of the column would be the infantry, composed of 100 or more troops.<ref>Spicer, 1988</ref>

In 1885, one of Cajemé's lieutenants, Loreto Molina, sought to gain control of the Yaqui people. With the support of the Mexican authorities, Molina developed an assassination plot to kill Cajemé at Cajemé's own home, at El Guamuchli, near Pótam. On the evening of 28 January 1885, Molina and twenty-two of his Yaqui supporters (some accounts state 30 or more) set out to kill Cajemé, but Cajemé was not at home, having left for the [[Mayo River (Mexico)|Mayo River]] with his bodyguard the day before. Cajemé stated that Molina's men looted his house, abused the women of the household by beating them with their weapons, and tearing off some of their clothes, and ran off Cajemé's family, leaving Cajemé's eight-year-old daughter on the bed in the house, while setting fire his house. One of Cajemé's sergeants saved the girl out of the flames of the fire, as the house burned to the ground.<ref>Troncoso, 1905</ref> Among others named by Cajemé as participants in the attack.<ref>Troncoso, 1905. p.&nbsp;111</ref> were the following men:
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*Loreto Cuate
*Angél Cuchi
*Agustín Guapo
*Trenidad Guapo
*Francisco Guabesi
*Pancho Juchaji
*Martín Mobesbeo
*Modesto el panadero (the baker)
*hermano de (brother of) Modesto
*Lucio Nasario
*Antonio Ochocomasoleo
*Loreto Omocol
*Nacho Pelado
*Madaleno Quintero
*Luis Sanbaon
*Nacho Suboqui
*José Suple
*José Tolo
*Facundo Yorigelipe
*Ilario Yorigelipe
*Juan María Yorigelipe
*Liandra Yorigelipe
{{div col end|3}}
After Molina failed to kill Cajemé, the Mexican Government sent a force of three columns of 1200 men each to occupy the Yaqui territory. This force was originally under the command of [[Brigadier General]] Jose Guillermo Carbó (1841–1885), who had been appointed in 1881 as Commander of the First Military Zone comprising [[Sonora]], [[Baja California]], [[Sinaloa]], and [[Tepic]]<ref>Diccionario Porrúa, 1970</ref> It was thought that this was an advantageous time to move against the Yaquis, as the situation was relatively calm. A military report on the first of September stated that Cajemé had dissolved his troops, and many indigenous people were approaching ranchos near the Yaqui River in search of work, while raids on ranchos had stopped.<ref>Garcia, 1885</ref> Also, there was optimism that the potential for disagreements between Cajemé and Anastasio Cuca, Cajemé's second in command, would increase, and that it would not be remote if a split occurred between them.<ref>"no sería remoto se pudiera conseguir dividirlos" Otero, 1885</ref> However, before Carbó could lead the government forces into an engagement, he died of a massive [[cerebral hemorrhage]] on October 29, 1885. Following this, General [[Ángel Martínez (general)|Ángel Martínez]] known as "El Machetero" ("The Machete") was placed in control of these three columns.

[[File:MarcosCarillo-1887.jpg|thumb|left|150px|General Marcos Carillo - Circa 1887]]
[[File:General Bonifacio Topete.jpg|thumb|right|150px|General Bonifacio Topete, c. 1890, defeated by Cajemé]]

Under General Martínez, the Mexican forces moved on the [[Yaqui River]] pueblos. [[Hubert Howe Bancroft]] relates (1888) how one of the columns was led by General Leiva (no relation to Cajemé) and General Marcos Carillo, and traveled west towards the [[Yaqui River]] Valley, carrying two [[mitrailleuse]], which was the first machine gun used in major combat. Another was led by General Camano, and came from the south-east with two [[howitzer]]s. A heavy body of cavalry came from the town of Buena Vista, from the north-east. General Martinez personally directed the occupation of the strategic Yaqui pueblo of Torím and other areas of the [[Yaqui River]] Valley from his headquarters at Barojica. General Bonifacio Topete eventually took control of a large part of the force and attempted to overrun a major fortification that the Yaqui built near [[Vícam]]. The fort, "El Añil" (The Indigo), was the first use of defensive warfare by Cajemé, and consisted of fences, [[parapet]]s, and a [[moat]] surrounding the fortification. Although Topete's infantry force used cannons against the Yaqui forces in the attack, Topete was defeated with a loss of 20 men. Following this successful repulsion of the Mexican forces, Cajemé gave the order to his forces to fortify other locations and to fight only [[Trench warfare|while behind trenches]]. In April 1886, the Mexican forces occupied the Yaqui town of [[Cócorit]]; and on May 5, 1886, a major siege was begun by the Mexican army at El Añil. By May 16, the Mexican army destroyed the fortification at El Añil, which was a great defeat for the Yaquis.<ref>see also Hernández, 1902</ref>