Editing Córdoba, Spain (section)

=== High and Late Middle Ages ===
{{See also|Taifa of Córdoba}}
Under rule of the Banu Yahwar, Cordobese power did not extend far from the city, as other independent polities emerged in the rest of the former caliphate.{{Sfn|Guichard|2013|p=18}}<ref name="Meri2005">{{cite book |first=Josef W. |last=Meri |title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC&pg=PA176 |date=31 October 2005 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-96690-0 |page=176 |access-date=1 December 2018 |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925033144/https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC&pg=PA176#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> An estimation of 65,000 inhabitants has been proposed for 11th-century Córdoba.{{Sfn|Guichard|2013|pp=19–20}}

In 1070, forces from the Abbadid [[Taifa of Seville]] entered Córdoba to help in the defence of the city, which had been besieged by [[al-Mamun of Toledo]], ruler of Toledo, yet they took control and expelled the last ruler of the taifa of Córdoba, Abd-Al Malik, forcing him to exile.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4764209.pdf |title=Las monedas de los Banū Ŷahwar de Córdoba – 422 – 462 h. / 1031-1070d.C. |first=Rafael |last=Frochoso Sánchez |year=2014 |journal=OMNI, Numismatic Journal |issn=2104-8363 |access-date=14 August 2020 |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322023901/https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4764209.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Al-Mamun did not cease in his efforts to take the city, and making use of a Sevillian renegade who murdered the Abbadid governor, he triumphantly entered the city on 15 February 1075, only to die there barely five months later, apparently poisoned.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://descargasarchivo.toledo.es/high.raw?id=0000022088&name=00000001.original.pdf&attachment=Tulaytula+%3A+revista+de+la+Asociaci%C3%B3n+de+Amigos+del+Toledo+Isl%C3%A1mico.+1999%2C+n.%C2%BA+4..pdf |publisher=Asociación de Amigos del Toledo Islámico |location=Toledo |title=La Dinastía de los Banu Di L-Nun de Toledo |first=Julio |last=Porres Martín-Cleto |pages=37–48 |journal=Tulaytula |issue=4 |volume=III |year=1999 |access-date=14 August 2020 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927100507/https://descargasarchivo.toledo.es/high.raw?id=0000022088&name=00000001.original.pdf&attachment=Tulaytula%20%3A%20revista%20de%20la%20Asociaci%C3%B3n%20de%20Amigos%20del%20Toledo%20Isl%C3%A1mico.%201999%2C%20n.%C2%BA%204..pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|40}} Córdoba was seized by force in March 1091 by the [[Almoravid]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://archivos.csif.es/archivos/andalucia/ensenanza/revistas/csicsif/revista/pdf/Numero_41/MARIA_JESUS_COENA_DEL_REAL_02.pdf |title=Los inicios de la hegemonía castellano-leonesa y la invasión almorávide |first=María Jesús |last=Coeña del Real |journal=Innovación y experiencias educativas |issn=1988-6047 |issue=41 |year=2011 |page=5 |access-date=14 August 2020 |archive-date=29 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129184905/https://archivos.csif.es/archivos/andalucia/ensenanza/revistas/csicsif/revista/pdf/Numero_41/MARIA_JESUS_COENA_DEL_REAL_02.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1121, the population revolted against the abuses of the Almoravid governor.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RgU8jGG-y2gC&pg=PA190 |page=190 |title=La España medieval: sociedades, estados, culturas |first=Emilio |last=Mitre |location=Tres Cantos |publisher=Ediciones Istmo |year=2008 |orig-year=1979 |isbn=978-84-7090-094-5 |access-date=16 November 2021 |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925033145/https://books.google.com/books?id=RgU8jGG-y2gC&pg=PA190#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sworn enemies of the [[Almoravid dynasty]], the "Wolf King" [[Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Saʿd ibn Mardanīsh]] and his stepfather [[ibn Hamušk]] allied with [[Alfonso VIII of Castile]] and laid siege to Córdoba by 1158–1160, ravaging the surroundings but failing to take the city.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=El Reino Taifa de Segura |journal=Boletín del Instituto de Estudios Giennenses |issn=0561-3590 |issue=153 |year=1994 |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/1200629.pdf |page=388 |last=Cruz Aguilar |first=Emilio de la |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=18 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918175120/https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/1200629.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Almohad caliph [[Abdallah al-Adil]] appointed {{ill|Al-Bayyasi|es}} (brother of [[Zayd Abu Zayd]]) as governor of Córdoba in 1224, only to see the later became independent from Caliphal rule.{{Sfn|Molina López|1986|p=41}} Al-Bayyasi asked [[Ferdinand III of Castile]] for help and Córdoba revolted against him.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Por una cronología histórica sobre el Šarq Al-Andalus (s. XIII) |year=1986 |first=Emilio |last=Molina López |page=41 |issn=0213-3482 |doi=10.14198/ShAnd.1986.3.05 |journal=Sharq Al-Andalus |issue=3 |location=Alicante |publisher=[[University of Alicante|Universidad de Alicante. Área de Estudios Árabes e Islámicos]] |url=https://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/18048/1/Sharq%20Al-Andalus_03_05.pdf |doi-access=free |access-date=14 August 2020 |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201022335/https://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/18048/1/Sharq%20Al-Andalus_03_05.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Years later, in 1229, the city submitted to the authority of [[Ibn Hud]],{{Sfn|Molina López|1986|p=43}} disavowing him in 1233, joining instead the territories under [[Muhammad I of Granada|Muhammad Ibn al-Aḥmar]],{{Sfn|Molina López|1986|p=45}} ruler of Arjona and soon-to-be emir of Granada.

Ferdinand III entered the city on 29 June 1236, following a siege of several months. According to Arab sources, Córdoba fell on 23 [[Shawwal]] 633 (that is, on 30 June 1236, a day later than Christian tradition).<ref>{{Cite book |location=Seville |publisher=[[Universidad de Sevilla]]; [[Universidad de Cádiz]] |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312398201 |page=43 |first=Alejandro |last=García Sanjuán |year=2016 |title=Arcos y el nacimiento de la frontera andaluza (1264–1330) |editor-first=Manuel |editor-last=González Jiménez |editor-first2=Rafael |editor-last2=Sánchez Saus |chapter=La conquista cristiana de Andalucía y el destino de la población musulmana (621-62 H/1224-64). La aportación de las fuentes árabes }}</ref> Upon the city's conquest the mosque was converted into a Catholic cathedral dedicated to the [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Virgin Mary]] (''Santa Maria'').<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Ecker |first=Heather |date=2003 |title=The Great Mosque of Córdoba in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1523329 |journal=Muqarnas |volume=20 |pages=113–141 |doi=10.1163/22118993-90000041 |jstor=1523329 |access-date=21 August 2022 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407144513/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1523329 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2" /> This was also followed by the return to [[Santiago de Compostela]] of the church bells that had been looted by Almanzor and moved to Córdoba by Christian war prisoners in the late 10th century.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://medievalistas.es/wp-content/uploads/attachments/00895.pdf |title=La Península Ibérica en tiempos de Las Navas de Tolosa |location=Madrid |year=2014 |isbn=978-84-941363-8-2 |page=224 |chapter=Fernando III y la repoblación de Andalucía |first=Manuel |last=González Jiménez |access-date=14 August 2020 |archive-date=26 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126214938/https://medievalistas.es/wp-content/uploads/attachments/00895.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Ferdinand III granted the city a ''[[fuero]]'' in 1241;<ref>{{Cite journal |title=El fuero de Córdoba: edición crítica y traducción |first=Joaquín |last=Mellado Rodríguez |journal=Arbor |volume=CLXVI |issue=654 |year=2000 |page=192 |location=Madrid |publisher=[[Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas]] |url=http://arbor.revistas.csic.es/index.php/arbor/article/view/1011 |doi=10.3989/arbor.2000.i654.1011 |issn=0210-1963 |doi-access=free |hdl=10396/7810 |hdl-access=free |access-date=14 August 2020 |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201014952/http://arbor.revistas.csic.es/index.php/arbor/article/view/1011 |url-status=live }}</ref> it was based on the ''[[Visigothic Code|Liber Iudiciorum]]'' and in the customs of [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], yet formulated in an original way.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://idus.us.es/bitstream/handle/11441/82928/art_8.pdf?sequence=1 |first=Manuel |last=González Jiménez |title=Fernando III El Santo, legislador |journal=Boletín de la Real Academia Sevillana de Buenas Letras: Minervae Baeticae |issn=0214-4395 |issue=29 |year=2001 |pages=115–116 |access-date=14 August 2020 |archive-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203030722/https://idus.us.es/bitstream/handle/11441/82928/art_8.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Unlike the case of other kingdoms of the Crown of Castile, the wider [[Kingdom of Córdoba]] distinctly lacked ''realengo'' (royal demesne) council towns other than the capital city itself.<ref>{{Cite book |year=1995 |title=Medievo Hispano. Estudios in memoriam del prof. Derek W. Lomax |location=Madrid |publisher=Sociedad Española de Estudios Medievales |chapter-url=https://medievalistas.es/wp-content/uploads/attachments/00204.pdf |page=91 |chapter=Notas sobre la conquista y la organización territorial del reino de Córdoba en el siglo XIII |first=Emilio |last=Cabrera |access-date=25 October 2023 |archive-date=9 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109144811/https://medievalistas.es/wp-content/uploads/attachments/00204.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, the military orders had a comparatively lesser presence across the realm.{{Sfn|Cabrera|1995|pp=92–93}} The city was divided into 14 ''colaciones'',{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} and numerous new church buildings were added.

By the end of the 13th century, the land belonging to the council of Córdoba peaked at about 12,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.{{Sfn|Berrocal Barea|Martín Moreno|Montero Rascón|1992|p=24}} It progressively reduced upon creation of new lordships, amounting to about 9,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> by the end of the middle ages.{{Sfn|Berrocal Barea|Martín Moreno|Montero Rascón|1992|p=24}}

The city's surrounding countryside was raided during the 1277–78 Marinid expedition in the Guadalquivir valley.{{Sfn|Alcántara Valle|2015|pp=31–32}} In 1282, in the context of the problematic succession of Alfonso X of Castile, an army formed by the latter's supporters as well as Marinid forces laid siege to the city (where [[Sancho IV of Castile|prince Sancho]] was) for 21 days.<ref>{{Cite journal |first=José María |last=Alcántara Valle |journal=Historia. Instituciones. Documentos |volume=42 |url=https://idus.us.es/bitstream/handle/11441/36344/La%20guerra%20y%20la%20paz%20en%20la%20frontera%20de%20Granada%20durante%20el%20reinado%20de%20Alfonso%20X.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=La guerra y la paz en la frontera de Granada durante el reinado de Alfonso X |year=2015 |issue=42 |issn=0210-7716 |doi=10.12795/hid.2015.i42.01 |pages=35–36 |access-date=25 October 2023 |archive-date=9 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109144819/https://idus.us.es/bitstream/handle/11441/36344/La%20guerra%20y%20la%20paz%20en%20la%20frontera%20de%20Granada%20durante%20el%20reinado%20de%20Alfonso%20X.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ibn Abi Zar' |title=Rawd Al Qirtaas |publisher=Darul Mansur |year=1972 |pages=321–327 |language=Arabic }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=O'Callaghan |first=Joseph F. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/794925519 |title=The Gibraltar crusade : Castile and the battle for the Strait |date=2011 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-0463-6 |location=Philadelphia |pages=73–75 |oclc=794925519 |access-date=18 January 2023 |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925033148/https://search.worldcat.org/title/794925519 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city council had indeed joined a newly created brotherhood in 1282 together with other councils of the Upper Guadalquivir defending Sancho's dynastic rights against Alfonso's regal authoritarianism.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://idus.us.es/bitstream/handle/11441/70483/AH25.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Los orígenes medievales del regionalismo andaluz: La Hermandad General de Andalucía (1295–1325) |first=Manuel |last=García Fernández |year=2009 |journal=Andalucía en la Historia |volume=25 |page=41 |access-date=25 October 2023 |archive-date=9 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109144818/https://idus.us.es/bitstream/handle/11441/70483/AH25.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Many decades after during the [[Third siege of Gibraltar|Third Siege of Gibraltar]] in 1333, a diversionary Granadian army raided the countryside of Cordoba and encamped on the far side of the Roman Bridge of Cordoba. However the diversionary army had to return to Gibraltar to help their Marinid counterparts so no further action was taken.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vidal Castro |first=Francisco |title=Muhammad IV |url=https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/6553/muhammad-iv |access-date=18 January 2023 |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129153825/https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/6553/muhammad-iv |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1368, during the [[Castilian Civil War]], the city, loyal to the [[House of Trastámara|Trastámara]] side, was attacked by forces supporting of [[Peter I of Castile|Peter I]], with Granadan backing.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://helvia.uco.es/bitstream/handle/10396/7063/dyo_berrocal.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Notas Histórico-Jurídicas sobre la Edad Media en Córdoba |first1=Francisco Javier |last1=Berrocal Barea |first2=Juan José |last2=Martín Moreno |first3=Mª. Carmen |last3=Montero Rascón |page=29 |year=1992 |journal=Derecho y Opinión |publisher=[[University of Córdoba (Spain)|Universidad de Córdoba, Servicio de Publicaciones]] |location=Córdoba |access-date=25 October 2023 |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925033154/https://helvia.uco.es/bitstream/handle/10396/7063/dyo_berrocal.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live }}</ref>