Editing Buffalo, New York (section)

==Geography==
=== Topography ===
[[File:NiagaraRiverNASA.jpg|thumb|left|Satellite image of the [[Niagara Peninsula]] and [[Niagara Frontier]]; Buffalo is at the lower right.|alt=A satellite photo shows two bodies of water and two peninsulas from space]]
Buffalo is on the eastern end of [[Lake Erie]] opposite [[Fort Erie, Ontario]]. It is at the head of the Niagara River, which flows north over [[Niagara Falls]] into [[Lake Ontario]].

The Buffalo metropolitan area is on the Erie/Ontario Lake Plain of the [[Eastern Great Lakes Lowlands]], a narrow [[plain]] extending east to [[Utica, New York]].<ref name = "Thompson1977 19-54"/><ref name="USGSMap" /> The city is generally flat, except for elevation changes in the University Heights and Fruit Belt neighborhoods.<ref>{{cite web |title=ACME Mapper 2.2: University Heights (689 feet) |url=https://mapper.acme.com/?ll=42.90311,-78.85904&z=17&t=T&marker0=42.90472%2C-78.84944%2CBuffalo%2C%20New%20York |website=ACME Mapper (Map) |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-date=June 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608195127/https://mapper.acme.com/?ll=42.90311,-78.85904&z=17&t=T&marker0=42.90472,-78.84944,Buffalo,%20New%20York |url-status=live}} and {{cite web |title=ACME Mapper 2.2: Fruit Belt (682 feet) |url=https://mapper.acme.com/?ll=42.90311,-78.85904&z=17&t=T&marker0=42.90472%2C-78.84944%2CBuffalo%2C%20New%20York |website=ACME Mapper (Map) |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-date=June 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608195127/https://mapper.acme.com/?ll=42.90311,-78.85904&z=17&t=T&marker0=42.90472,-78.84944,Buffalo,%20New%20York |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Southtowns]] are hillier, leading to the Cattaraugus Hills in the [[Allegheny Plateau|Appalachian Upland]].<ref name = "Thompson1977 19-54">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/geographyofnewyo00thom |url-access=registration |title=Geography of New York State |last=Thompson |first=John H. |publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]] |year=1977 |isbn=9780815621829 |pages=19–54 |chapter=Land Forms |location=Syracuse, N.Y. |lccn=77004337 |oclc=2874807}}</ref><ref name = "USGSMap">{{cite map |first1=S. A. |last1=Bryce |first2=G. E. |last2=Griffith |first3=J. M. |last3=Omernik |first4=G. |last4=Edinger |first5=S. |last5=Indrick |first6=O. |last6=Vargas |first7=D. |last7=Carlson |title=Ecoregions of New York (color poster with map, descriptive text, summary tables, and photograph)|trans-title = |map=|map-url = |date= |year=2010 |url=http://ecologicalregions.info/data/ny/NY_front.pdf |scale=1:1,250,000 |publisher=[[U.S. Geological Survey]] |location=Reston, VA |language= |access-date = |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210526063146/http://ecologicalregions.info/data/ny/NY_front.pdf |archive-date = May 26, 2021 |url-status = live}}</ref> Several types of shale, limestone and [[lagerstätte]]n are prevalent in Buffalo and its surrounding area, lining their [[stream bed]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/ldpd_6985187_000 |title=Geologic map of the Buffalo quadrangle |last=Luther |first=D. D. |date=1906 |pages=12–13 |publisher=[[New York State Education Department]] |others=[[Columbia University Libraries]] |language=en}}</ref>

According to [[Fox Weather]], Buffalo is one of the top five snowiest large cities in the country, receiving, on average, 95 inches of snow annually.

Although the city has not experienced any recent or significant [[earthquake]]s, Buffalo is in the [[Southern Great Lakes Seismic Zone]] (part of the [[Great Lakes tectonic zone]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.buffalo.edu/news/releases/2000/03/4637.html |title=UB Geologists Find Evidence That Upstate New York Is Criss-Crossed By Hundreds Of Faults - University at Buffalo |website=[[University at Buffalo]] |language=en |access-date=January 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112100857/http://www.buffalo.edu/news/releases/2000/03/4637.html |archive-date=January 12, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dineva |first1=S. |title=Seismicity of the Southern Great Lakes: Revised Earthquake Hypocenters and Possible Tectonic Controls |journal=[[Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America]] |date=2004-10-01 |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=1902–1918 |doi=10.1785/012003007 |bibcode=2004BuSSA..94.1902D}}</ref> Buffalo has four [[Channel (geography)|channels]] within its boundaries: the Niagara River, Buffalo River (and Creek), [[Scajaquada Creek]], and the [[Black Rock Canal]], adjacent to the Niagara River.<ref name = "Smith1884">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofcityofb01smit/page/n23 |title=History of the city of Buffalo and Erie County: with ... biographical sketches of some of its prominent men and pioneers ... |last=Smith |first=Henry Perry |publisher=D. Mason & Co. |year=1884 |location=Syracuse, N.Y. |page=16}}</ref> The city's Bureau of Forestry maintains a database of over seventy thousand trees.<ref>{{cite web |title=TreeKeeper 8 System for Buffalo, NY |url=https://buffalony.treekeepersoftware.com/index.cfm?deviceWidth=2133 |website=City of Buffalo Bureau of Forestry |access-date=26 May 2021 |archive-date=May 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526060957/https://buffalony.treekeepersoftware.com/index.cfm?deviceWidth=2133 |url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], Buffalo has an area of {{cvt|52.5|sqmi|km2}}; {{cvt|40.38|sqmi|km2}} is land, and the rest is water.<ref name="2019USCensusQuickFacts" /> The city's total area is 22.66 percent water. In 2010, its population density was 6,470.6 per square mile.<ref name="2019USCensusQuickFacts" />

===Cityscape===
{{see also|List of tallest buildings in Buffalo, New York|Architecture of Buffalo, New York}}

Buffalo's architecture is diverse, with a collection of 19th- and 20th-century buildings.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/16/arts/design/16ouro.html |url-access=limited |title=Saving Buffalo's Untold Beauty |last=Ouroussoff |first=Nicolai |author-link=Nicolai Ouroussoff |date=November 14, 2008 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date = September 19, 2014 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141006193136/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/16/arts/design/16ouro.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |archive-date = October 6, 2014 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Downtown Buffalo landmarks include [[Louis Sullivan]]'s [[Prudential (Guaranty) Building|Guaranty Building]], an early skyscraper;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Louis Sullivan still has a skyscraper in Buffalo, but Chicago has none |first=Blair |last=Kamin |author-link=Blair Kamin |website=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=September 1, 2013 |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-09-01/news/ct-met-kamin-sullivanbuffalo-0901-20130902_1_skyscrapers-auditorium-building-wainwright-building |access-date = September 23, 2015 |url-access = limited |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150925090648/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-09-01/news/ct-met-kamin-sullivanbuffalo-0901-20130902_1_skyscrapers-auditorium-building-wainwright-building |archive-date = September 25, 2015 |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/tps/how-to-preserve/tech-notes/Tech-Notes-Mechanical01.pdf |title=Preservation Tech Notes: Guaranty Building |date=June 1989 |access-date = September 23, 2015 |website=[[National Park Service]] |last=E. Kaplan |first=Marilyn |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160113194900/http://www.nps.gov/tps/how-to-preserve/tech-notes/Tech-Notes-Mechanical01.pdf |archive-date = January 13, 2016 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> the [[Ellicott Square Building]], once one of the largest of its kind in the world;<ref>{{cite book |last1=Korom |first1=Joseph J. |title=The American Skyscraper, 1850-1940: A Celebration of Height |date=2008 |publisher=Branden Books |isbn=978-0-8283-2188-4 |page=213 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JVzYO1TyZ6AC&pg=PA213 |access-date=26 May 2021 |language=en |archive-date=June 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622041737/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_American_Skyscraper_1850_1940/JVzYO1TyZ6AC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=ellicott+square+building+largest&pg=PA213&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Art Deco]] [[Buffalo City Hall]] and the [[McKinley Monument]], and the [[Electric Tower]]. Beyond downtown, the [[Buffalo Central Terminal]] was built in the [[Broadway-Fillmore]] neighborhood in 1929; the [[Richardson Olmsted Complex]], built in 1881, was an [[Lunatic asylum|insane asylum]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ochsner |first1=Jeffrey Karl |title=H. H. Richardson: Complete Architectural Works |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |pages=78–79 |language=en |date=1982 |isbn=9780262650151 |oclc=8389021}}</ref> until its closure in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Buckley |first1=Eileen |title=Recalling treatment at Buffalo's former mental institution |url=https://news.wbfo.org/post/recalling-treatment-buffalo-s-former-mental-institution |website=[[WBFO]] |access-date=22 May 2021 |language=en |date=June 5, 2018 |archive-date=May 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522223742/https://news.wbfo.org/post/recalling-treatment-buffalo-s-former-mental-institution |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Urban renewal]] from the 1950s to the 1970s spawned the [[Brutalist architecture|Brutalist]]-style [[Buffalo City Court Building]] and [[Seneca One Tower]], the city's tallest building.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preparing for 38 floors of emptiness at One Seneca Tower |url=http://www.buffalonews.com/city-region/downtown-waterfront/preparing-for-38-floors-of-emptiness-at-one-seneca-tower-20131117 |url-access=limited |access-date = September 26, 2015 |date=November 17, 2013 |website=[[The Buffalo News]] |first=Melinda |last=Miller |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150926101223/http://www.buffalonews.com/city-region/downtown-waterfront/preparing-for-38-floors-of-emptiness-at-one-seneca-tower-20131117 |archive-date = September 26, 2015 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> In the city's [[Parkside East Historic District|Parkside]] neighborhood, the [[Darwin D. Martin House]] was designed by [[Frank Lloyd Wright]] in his [[Prairie School]] style.<ref>{{cite web |title=Darwin Martin House State Historic Site |url=https://parks.ny.gov/historic-sites/darwinmartinhouse/details.aspx |website=[[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]] |publisher=[[State of New York]] |access-date=24 May 2021 |archive-date=January 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116092839/https://parks.ny.gov/historic-sites/darwinmartinhouse/details.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref>
Since 2016, Washington DC real estate developer [[Douglas Jemal]] has been acquiring, and redeveloping, iconic properties throughout the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://buffalonews.com/business/local/douglas-jemal-moves-full-speed-ahead-on-bevy-of-buffalo-projects/article_cab12e4c-ce20-11eb-a68d-afcda413165a.html |title=Douglas Jemal moves 'full speed ahead' on bevy of Buffalo projects |date=October 25, 2021}}</ref>

{{wide image|Buffalo Skyline.jpg|alt=Panorama of downtown Buffalo, NY from Lake Erie|700px|Skyline of Buffalo, looking east from Lake Erie|align-cap=center}}

===Neighborhoods===
{{Main|List of neighborhoods in Buffalo, New York}}
[[File:AllentownBuffalo1.jpg|thumb|[[Allentown, Buffalo|Allentown]]]]

According to Mark Goldman, the city has a "tradition of separate and independent settlements".<ref name="Goldman1983 176-195" /> The boundaries of Buffalo's neighborhoods have changed over time. The city is divided into five [[district]]s, each containing several neighborhoods, for a total of thirty-five neighborhoods.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dewey |first1=Caitlin |author-link = Caitlin Dewey |title=Fruit Belt fights for its name over fears big tech is erasing it |url=https://buffalonews.com/news/local/fruit-belt-fights-for-its-name-over-fears-big-tech-is-erasing-it/article_4e4f3089-c594-55ba-b859-694ce1f16bdf.html |url-access = limited |website=[[The Buffalo News]] |access-date=11 May 2021 |language=en |date=March 17, 2019 |archive-date=January 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130112012/https://buffalonews.com/news/local/fruit-belt-fights-for-its-name-over-fears-big-tech-is-erasing-it/article_4e4f3089-c594-55ba-b859-694ce1f16bdf.html |url-status=live}} and {{cite web |last1=Buffalo Urban Renewal Agency |title=Neighborhood Profile |url=https://data.buffalony.gov/stories/s/a235-4wxj |website=Open Data Buffalo |access-date=11 May 2021 |language=en |archive-date=May 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511205447/https://data.buffalony.gov/stories/s/a235-4wxj |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Main Street (Buffalo)|Main Street]] divides Buffalo's east and west sides, and the west side was fully developed earlier.<ref name="Goldman1983 176-195" /> This division is seen in architectural styles, street names, neighborhood and district boundaries, demographics, and socioeconomic conditions; Buffalo's West Side is generally more affluent than its East Side.<ref name="BNMainSt">{{cite web |last1=Herko |first1=Carl |title=One street, different worlds all along Main, a barrier between the haves and the have-nots |url=https://buffalonews.com/news/one-street-different-worlds-all-along-main-a-barrier-between-the-haves-and-the-have/article_b0b0d87d-10e5-5d65-86a5-396697945110.html |url-access=limited |website=[[The Buffalo News]] |access-date=24 May 2021 |language=en |date=March 14, 1993 |archive-date=June 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622041740/https://buffalonews.com/news/one-street-different-worlds-all-along-main-a-barrier-between-the-haves-and-the-have/article_b0b0d87d-10e5-5d65-86a5-396697945110.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewyn |first1=Michael |chapter=The City of Buffalo And Its Neighborhoods |title=Car-free in Buffalo: a guide to Buffalo's neighborhoods, suburbs and public transportation |date=2000 |publisher=Writers Club Press |location=San Jose |isbn=0595127053 |pages=35–64}}</ref>

Several neighborhoods in Buffalo have had increased investment since the 1990s, beginning with the [[Elmwood Village]].<ref name="ElmwoodHertel" >{{cite web |last1=Sommer |first1=Mark |title=Elmwood grapples with growth, but there's harmony on Hertel |url=https://buffalonews.com/news/local/elmwood-grapples-with-growth-but-theres-harmony-on-hertel/article_9c975157-323c-50d2-b112-9ca3720e622e.html |url-access=limited |website=[[The Buffalo News]] |access-date=23 May 2021 |language=en |date=April 10, 2018 |archive-date=May 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523001826/https://buffalonews.com/news/local/elmwood-grapples-with-growth-but-theres-harmony-on-hertel/article_9c975157-323c-50d2-b112-9ca3720e622e.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The 2002 redevelopment of the [[Larkin Terminal Warehouse]] led to the creation of [[Larkinville]], home to several [[Mixed-use development|mixed-use projects]] and anchored by corporate offices.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Caya |first1=Chris |title=Brewery's choice typifies growth of Larkinville |url=https://news.wbfo.org/post/brewerys-choice-typifies-growth-larkinville |website=[[WBFO]] |access-date=23 May 2021 |language=en |date=March 24, 2014 |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803182150/https://news.wbfo.org/post/brewerys-choice-typifies-growth-larkinville |url-status=live}} and {{cite web |last1=Schneider |first1=Keith |title=Once Just a Punch Line, Buffalo Fights Back |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/31/realestate/commercial/once-a-punch-line-buffalo-fights-back.html |url-access=limited |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=23 May 2021 |date=2013-07-31 |archive-date=May 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522235951/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/31/realestate/commercial/once-a-punch-line-buffalo-fights-back.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Downtown Buffalo and its [[central business district]] (CBD) had a 10.6-percent increase in residents from 2010 to 2017, as over 1,061 housing units became available;<ref>{{cite web |title=Downtown Buffalo: Looking Ahead With A Clearer View |url=https://www.thepartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Downtown-Buffalo-Looking-Ahead-With-a-Clear-View-1.pdf |website=Buffalo Niagara Partnership |access-date=23 May 2021 |date=2018 |archive-date=June 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622041740/https://www.thepartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Downtown-Buffalo-Looking-Ahead-With-a-Clear-View-1.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> the Seneca One Tower was redeveloped in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Epstein |first1=Jonathan D. |title=After years of inaction, downtown development is a bustling scene |url=https://buffalonews.com/exclusive/prospectus/after-years-of-inaction-downtown-development-is-a-bustling-scene/article_f13c352c-3b07-11eb-96b2-13b222f8d1d5.html |url-access=limited |website=[[The Buffalo News]] |access-date=23 May 2021 |language=en |date=January 28, 2021 |archive-date=January 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131064522/https://buffalonews.com/exclusive/prospectus/after-years-of-inaction-downtown-development-is-a-bustling-scene/article_f13c352c-3b07-11eb-96b2-13b222f8d1d5.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Other revitalized areas include Chandler Street, in the [[Grant-Amherst]] neighborhood, and Hertel Avenue in Parkside.<ref name="ElmwoodHertel" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=News Editorial Board |title=Editorial: U-turn on Chandler Street |url=https://buffalonews.com/opinion/editorial/editorial-u-turn-on-chandler-street/article_88b70d00-2ed0-5cbe-b007-7fb411e29f82.html |url-access=limited |website=[[The Buffalo News]] |access-date=23 May 2021 |language=en |date=November 1, 2019 |archive-date=May 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522235951/https://buffalonews.com/opinion/editorial/editorial-u-turn-on-chandler-street/article_88b70d00-2ed0-5cbe-b007-7fb411e29f82.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Buffalo Common Council]] adopted its Green Code in 2017, replacing [[Zoning|zoning regulations]] which were over sixty years old. Its emphasis on regulations promoting pedestrian safety and mixed land use received an award at the 2019 Congress for the [[New Urbanism]] conference.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Teaman |first1=Rachel |title=Buffalo Green Code, with a national award, builds on 20 years of planning for place-based urban regeneration |url=http://ap.buffalo.edu/news/2019/greencode_driehaus.html |website=University at Buffalo School of Architecture and Planning |access-date=9 May 2021 |language=en |date=July 9, 2019 |archive-date=August 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821140103/http://ap.buffalo.edu/news/2019/greencode_driehaus.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Climate===
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[[File:Snow removal via frontloader on Cottage Street after December 2019 winter storm, Buffalo, New York - 20191211.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Snowy city streets, seen from above|Buffalo in winter, 2019]]

Buffalo has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: [[humid continental climate#Hot summer subtype|Dfa]]),<ref name="Peel">{{cite journal |author1=Peel, M. C. |author2=Finlayson B. L. |author3=McMahon, T. A. |year=2007 |title=Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |journal=Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1633–1644 |doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 |bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P |issn=1027-5606 |doi-access=free |access-date=June 9, 2021 |archive-date=December 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202204538/https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name = "nws">{{Cite web |last=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |title=Buffalo Climate Narrative |url=https://www.weather.gov/buf/BUFclifo |url-status=live |access-date=2021-05-10 |website=National Weather Service |language=EN-US |archive-date=March 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321105641/https://www.weather.gov/buf/BUFclifo}}</ref> and temperatures have been [[Climate change in the U.S.|warming]] with the rest of the US.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Paul |first1=Don |title=Don Paul: Weather's 'new normals' are really new averages |url=https://buffalonews.com/weather/don-paul-weathers-new-normals-are-really-new-averages/article_10eb87bc-b130-11eb-bcee-3f18b07eec11.html |url-access = limited |website=[[The Buffalo News]] |access-date=10 May 2021 |language=en |date=May 10, 2021 |archive-date=May 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511050301/https://subscribe.buffalonews.com/e/limit-reached-bn?returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Fbuffalonews.com%2Fweather%2Fdon-paul-weathers-new-normals-are-really-new-averages%2Farticle_10eb87bc-b130-11eb-bcee-3f18b07eec11.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lake-effect snow]] is characteristic of Buffalo winters, with [[Snowsquall#Frontal snowsquall|snow bands]] (producing intense snowfall in the city and surrounding area) depending on wind direction off Lake Erie.<ref name="SnowBands">{{cite journal |last1=Niziol |first1=Thomas A. |last2=Snyder |first2=Warren R. |last3=Waldstreicher |first3=Jeff S. |title=Winter Weather Forecasting throughout the Eastern United States. Part IV: Lake Effect Snow |journal=[[Weather and Forecasting]] |date=1 March 1995 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=63–66 |doi=10.1175/1520-0434(1995)010<0061:WWFTTE>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=1995WtFor..10...61N |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/downloadpdf/journals/wefo/2/4/1520-0434_1987_002_0310_ofoles_2_0_co_2.xml |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-date=May 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511050301/https://journals.ametsoc.org/downloadpdf/journals/wefo/2/4/1520-0434_1987_002_0310_ofoles_2_0_co_2.pdf |url-status=live|doi-access=free }}{{open access}}</ref> However, Buffalo is rarely the [[Golden Snowball Award|snowiest city in the state]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blechmen |first=Jerome B. |date=1996 |title=A comparison between mean monthly temperature and mean monthly snowfall in New York State |journal=[[National Weather Digest]] |volume=20 |issue=4 |page=42 |citeseerx=10.1.1.664.7098}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kirst |first1=Sean |title=Golden Snowball is symbol of upstate winters. So where is it? |url=https://buffalonews.com/opinion/columnists/golden-snowball-is-symbol-of-upstate-winters-so-where-is-it/article_b008c293-d9ab-5a66-9bfd-bee74769371a.html |url-access=limited |website=[[The Buffalo News]] |access-date=12 May 2021 |language=en |date=December 15, 2016 |archive-date=May 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516083007/https://subscribe.buffalonews.com/e/limit-reached-bn?returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Fbuffalonews.com%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnists%2Fgolden-snowball-is-symbol-of-upstate-winters-so-where-is-it%2Farticle_b008c293-d9ab-5a66-9bfd-bee74769371a.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Blizzard of 1977]] resulted from a combination of high winds and snow which accumulated on land and on the frozen [[Lake Erie]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dewey |first=Kenneth F. |date=December 1977 |title=Lake-effect Snowstorms and the Record Breaking 1976–77 Snowfall to the Lee of Lakes Erie and Ontario |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00431672.1977.9931836 |url-access=subscription |journal=[[Weatherwise]] |language=en |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=230–231 |doi=10.1080/00431672.1977.9931836 |bibcode=1977Weawi..30f.228D |issn=0043-1672 |access-date=May 10, 2021 |archive-date=May 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511050301/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00431672.1977.9931836 |url-status=live}}</ref> Although snow does not typically impair the city's operation, it can cause significant damage in autumn (as the [[Lake Storm Aphid|October 2006 storm]] did).<ref name = "Arborgeddon">{{Cite journal |last=Freedman |first=Andrew |date=January 2007 |title=Anatomy of a Forecast: 'Arborgeddon' Takes Buffalo by Surprise |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3200/WEWI.60.4.16-21 |url-access=subscription |journal=[[Weatherwise]] |language=en |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=16–21 |doi=10.3200/WEWI.60.4.16-21 |bibcode=2007Weawi..60d..16F |s2cid=191572229 |issn=0043-1672 |access-date=May 10, 2021 |archive-date=May 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511050333/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3200/WEWI.60.4.16-21 |url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2014 (called "[[November 13–21, 2014 North American winter storm|Snowvember]]"), the region had a [[November 13–21, 2014 North American winter storm|record-breaking storm]] which produced over {{cvt|5+1/2|ft|in cm}} of snow.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vermette |first=Stephen |date=2015-07-04 |title=Enough Already! Buffalo's Snowvember |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00431672.2015.1045369 |url-access=subscription |journal=[[Weatherwise]] |language=en |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=34–39 |doi=10.1080/00431672.2015.1045369 |bibcode=2015Weawi..68d..34V |s2cid=191715976 |issn=0043-1672 |access-date=May 10, 2021 |archive-date=May 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511050303/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00431672.2015.1045369 |url-status=live}}</ref> Buffalo's lowest recorded temperature was {{cvt|−20|°F|0}}, which occurred twice: on February 9, 1934, and February 2, 1961.<ref name="NWSDailyRecords" />

Although the city's summers are drier and sunnier than other cities in the northeastern United States, its vegetation receives enough precipitation to remain hydrated.<ref name="nws" /> Buffalo summers are characterized by abundant sunshine, with moderate [[humidity]] and temperatures;<ref name="nws" /> the city benefits from cool, southwestern Lake Erie summer breezes which temper warmer temperatures.<ref name="nws" /><ref name="USGSMap" /> Temperatures rise above {{cvt|90|F|1}} an average of three times a year.<ref name="nws" /> No official recording of {{cvt|100|F|1}} or more has occurred to date, with a maximum temperature of {{convert|99|F}} reached on August 27, 1948.<ref name ="NWSDailyRecords">{{cite web |title=Buffalo Daily Records |url=https://www.weather.gov/buf/BUFRecords |website=[[National Weather Service]] |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date=10 May 2021 |language=EN-US |archive-date=March 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329192315/https://www.weather.gov/buf/BUFRecords |url-status=live}}</ref> Rainfall is moderate, typically falling at night, and cooler lake temperatures hinder storm development in July.<ref name="nws" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fortner |first1=Rosanne W |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED361227.pdf |title=The Great Lake Erie: a reference text for educators and communicators |last2=Mayer |first2=Victor J |publisher=[[Ohio State University|Ohio State University Research Foundation]] |year=1987 |pages=41, 48 |chapter=The Effect of Lake Erie on Climate |oclc=22509849 |access-date=May 10, 2021 |archive-date=February 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217163647/http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED361227.pdf |url-status=live}}{{open access}}</ref> August is usually rainier and [[wikt:muggier|muggier]], as the warmer lake loses its temperature-controlling ability.<ref name="nws" />

{{Buffalo, New York weatherbox}}