Editing Brown (section)

=== Modern history ===

==== 17th and 18th century ====
The 17th and 18th century saw the greatest use of brown. [[Caravaggio]] and [[Rembrandt Van Rijn]] used browns to create [[chiaroscuro]] effects, where the subject appeared out of the darkness. Rembrandt also added umber to the ground layers of his paintings because it promoted faster drying. Rembrandt also began to use new brown pigment, called Cassel earth or Cologne earth. This was a natural earth color composed of over ninety percent organic matter, such as soil and peat. It was used by [[Rubens]] and [[Anthony van Dyck]], and later became commonly known as Van Dyck brown.
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File:Rembrandt van Rijn - Self-Portrait - Google Art Project.jpg|Self-portrait of [[Rembrandt]]. The older Rembrandt became the more brown he used in his paintings.
File:Anthonis van Dyck Self Portrait.jpg|[[Anthony van Dyck]], like Rembrandt, was attached to the pigment called Cassel earth or Cologne earth; it became known as Van Dyck brown
File:Portrait of Tsaritsa Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina - Google Cultural Institute.jpg|[[Natalya Naryshkina]], [[Tsaritsa]] of Russia (late 17th century)
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==== 19th and 20th century ====
Brown was generally hated by the French impressionists, who preferred bright, pure colors. The exception among French 19th-century artists was [[Paul Gauguin]], who created luminous brown portraits of the people and landscapes of French Polynesia.

In the late 20th century, brown became a common symbol in western culture for simple, inexpensive, natural and healthy. Bag lunches were carried in plain brown paper bags; packages were wrapped in plain brown paper. Brown bread and brown sugar were viewed as more natural and healthy than white bread and white sugar.

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File:Jesus, Benedito Calixto de - Retrato de Dom Pedro I.jpg|Pedro of Braganza, Prince Royal of [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves|Portugal and Brazil]] (later Emperor [[Pedro I of Brazil]] and King Pedro IV of Portugal), by [[Benedito Calixto]] (1822)
File:Paul Gauguin - Parau na te Varua ino (1892).jpg|''Words of the Devil'', by Paul Gauguin (1892)
File:HJ Uniform.jpg|Uniform of the [[Hitler Youth]] movement in the 1930s
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