Editing Brazil (section)

=== Elevation to kingdom ===
{{Main|United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves}}
{{See also|Invasion of Portugal (1807)|Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil}}
[[File:Aclamação do rei Dom João VI no Rio de Janeiro.jpg|thumb|The Acclamation of [[John VI of Portugal|King João VI]] of the [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]] in [[Rio de Janeiro]], 6 February 1818]]
In late 1807, Spanish and Napoleonic forces threatened the security of [[continental Portugal]], causing [[John VI of Portugal|Prince Regent John]], in the name of [[Maria I of Portugal|Queen Maria I]], to [[Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil|move the royal court]] from [[Lisbon]] to [[Rio de Janeiro]].<ref name="Boxer, p.&nbsp;213">Boxer, p.&nbsp;213</ref> There they established some of Brazil's first financial institutions, such as its local [[stock exchange]]s<ref>Marta Barcellos & Simone Azevedo; ''Histórias do Mercado de Capitais no Brasil'' ("Financial Markets' Histories in Brazil") (Portuguese) Campus Elsevier 2011 {{ISBN|85-352-3994-4}} Introduction (by Ney Carvalho), Intro. p. xiv</ref> and its [[Banco do Brasil|National Bank]], additionally ending the Portuguese monopoly on Brazilian trade and opening Brazil's ports to other nations. In 1809, in retaliation for being forced into exile, the Prince Regent ordered the [[Portuguese conquest of French Guiana|conquest of French Guiana]].<ref>Bueno, p.&nbsp;145.</ref>

With the end of the [[Peninsular War]] in 1814, the courts of Europe demanded that Queen Maria I and Prince Regent John return to Portugal, deeming it unfit for the head of an ancient European monarchy to reside in a [[colony]]. In 1815, to justify continuing to live in Brazil, where the royal court had thrived for six years, the Crown established the [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]], thus creating a [[pluricontinental]] transatlantic monarchic state.<ref name="Mosher2008">{{Cite book |last=Jeffrey C. Mosher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T_yszWOZUCkC&pg=PA9 |title=Political Struggle, Ideology, and State Building: Pernambuco and the Construction of Brazil, 1817–1850 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8032-3247-1 |page=9 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183447/https://books.google.com/books?id=T_yszWOZUCkC&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the leadership in Portugal, resentful of the new status of its larger colony, continued to demand the return of the court to Lisbon (see [[Liberal Revolution of 1820]]). In 1821, acceding to the demands of revolutionaries who had taken the city of [[Porto]],<ref name="Adelman2006">{{Cite book |last=Jeremy Adelman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvFpURNsBRIC&pg=PA334 |title=Sovereignty and Revolution in the Iberian Atlantic |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-691-12664-7 |pages=334– |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183956/https://books.google.com/books?id=nvFpURNsBRIC&pg=PA334#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> John VI departed for Lisbon. There he swore an oath to the new constitution, leaving his son, [[Pedro I of Brazil|Prince Pedro de Alcântara]], as Regent of the [[Kingdom of Brazil]].<ref>Lustosa, pp.&nbsp;109–110</ref>