Editing Borderline personality disorder (section)

===Self-harm and suicide===<!-- Self harm -->

Self-harm and suicidal behaviors are core diagnostic criteria for BPD as outlined in the DSM-5.<ref name="DSM53" /> Between 50% and 80% of individuals diagnosed with BPD<!--<ref name=Ou2008/> --> engage in self-harm, with [[cutting]] being the most common method.<ref name="Ou2008">{{cite journal|vauthors=Oumaya M, Friedman S, Pham A, Abou Abdallah T, Guelfi JD, Rouillon F|title=[Borderline personality disorder, self-mutilation and suicide: literature review]|language=fr|journal=L'Encéphale|volume=34|issue=5|pages=452–8|date=October 2008|pmid=19068333|doi=10.1016/j.encep.2007.10.007}}</ref> Other methods, such as bruising, burning, head banging, or biting, are also prevalent.<ref name="Ou2008" /> It is hypothesized that individuals with BPD might experience a sense of emotional relief following acts of self-harm.<ref name="DucasseCourtet2014">{{cite journal|vauthors=Ducasse D, Courtet P, Olié E|title=Physical and social pains in borderline disorder and neuroanatomical correlates: a systematic review|journal=Current Psychiatry Reports|volume=16|issue=5|pages=443|date=May 2014|pmid=24633938|doi=10.1007/s11920-014-0443-2|s2cid=25918270}}</ref><!-- Suicide -->

Estimates of the lifetime risk of death by suicide among individuals with BPD range between 3% and 10%, varying with the method of investigation.<ref name="pmid31142033">{{cite journal|vauthors=Paris J|year=2019|title=Suicidality in Borderline Personality Disorder.|journal=Medicina (Kaunas)|volume=55|issue=6|page=223|doi=10.3390/medicina55060223|pmc=6632023|pmid=31142033|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Gund2011" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Borderline Personality Disorder: A Clinical Guide|vauthors=Gunderson JG, Links PS|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc|year=2008|isbn=978-1-58562-335-8|edition=2nd|page=9}}</ref> There is evidence that a significant proportion of males who die by suicide may have undiagnosed BPD.<ref name="Paris J 2008 21–22">{{cite book|vauthors=Paris J|title=Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder. A Guide to Evidence-Based Practice|year=2008|publisher=The Guilford Press|pages=21–22}}</ref><!-- Reasons -->

The motivations behind self-harm and [[suicide attempts]] among individuals with BPD are reported to differ.<ref name="reasons_NSSI">{{cite journal|vauthors=Brown MZ, Comtois KA, Linehan MM|s2cid=4649933|title=Reasons for suicide attempts and nonsuicidal self-injury in women with borderline personality disorder|journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology|volume=111|issue=1|pages=198–202|date=February 2002|pmid=11866174|doi=10.1037/0021-843X.111.1.198}}</ref> Nearly 70% of individuals with BPD engage in self-harm without the intention of ending their lives. Motivations for self-harm include expressing anger, self-punishment, inducing normal feelings or feelings of normality in response to dissociative episodes, and distraction from emotional distress or challenging situations.<ref name="reasons_NSSI" />{{Secondary source needed|date=April 2025}} Conversely, true suicide attempts by individuals with BPD frequently are motivated by the notion that others will be better off in their absence.<ref name="reasons_NSSI" />{{Secondary source needed|date=April 2025}}