Editing Bonobo (section)

== Description ==

[[File:Pan paniscus (female).jpg|thumb|Bonobo female]]

The bonobo is commonly considered to be more [[Gracility|gracile]] than the common chimpanzee. Although large male chimpanzees can exceed any bonobo in bulk and weight, the two species broadly overlap in body size. Adult female bonobos are somewhat smaller than adult males. Body mass ranges from {{convert|34|to|60|kg|lb|abbr=on}} with an average weight of {{Convert|45|kg|lb}} in males against an average of {{convert|33|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in females.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kingdon|first=Jonathan|title=Mammals of Africa: Volume II|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|year=2013|pages=69}}</ref> The total length of bonobos (from the nose to the rump while on all fours) is {{convert|70|to|83|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Scholz MN, D'Août K, Bobbert MF, Aerts P | title = Vertical jumping performance of bonobo (''Pan paniscus'') suggests superior muscle properties | journal = Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume = 273 | issue = 1598 | pages = 2177–84 | date = September 2006 | pmid = 16901837 | pmc = 1635523 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2006.3568 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arkive.org/bonobo/pan-paniscus/ |title=Bonobo videos, photos and facts – ''Pan paniscus'' |publisher=ARKive |access-date=2012-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825024053/http://www.arkive.org/bonobo/pan-paniscus/ |archive-date=2012-08-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Burnie">{{cite book | veditors = Burnie D, Wilson DE | date = 2005 | title = Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife | publisher = DK Adult | isbn = 0-7894-7764-5 }}</ref><ref name = Walker>{{cite book | vauthors = Novak RM | date = 1999 | title = Walker's Mammals of the World | edition = 6th | publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press | location = Baltimore | isbn = 0-8018-5789-9 }}</ref> Male bonobos average {{convert|119|cm|ft|abbr=on}} when standing upright, compared to {{Convert|111|cm|ft}} in females.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Coolidge, Shea|title=External body dimensions of ''Pan paniscus'' and ''Pan troglodytes'' chimpanzees|url=https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/external-body-dimensions-of-pan-paniscus-and-pan-troglodytes-chim|journal=[[Primates (journal)|Primates]]|year=1982|volume=23|issue=2|pages=245–251|doi=10.1007/BF02381164|s2cid=27818900|access-date=2021-05-03|archive-date=2021-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215546/https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/external-body-dimensions-of-pan-paniscus-and-pan-troglodytes-chim|url-status=live}}</ref> The bonobo's head is relatively smaller than that of the common chimpanzee with less prominent brow ridges above the eyes. It has a black face with pink lips, small ears, wide nostrils, and long hair on its head that forms a parting. Females have slightly more prominent [[breasts]], in contrast to the flat breasts of other female apes, although not so prominent as those of humans. The bonobo also has a slim upper body, narrow shoulders, thin neck, and long legs when compared to the common chimpanzee.
[[File:Bonobos Kanzi and Panbanisha with Sue Savage-Rumbaugh.jpg|thumb|left|Bonobos [[Kanzi]] (C) and [[Panbanisha]] (R) with [[Sue Savage-Rumbaugh]] and the outdoor symbols "keyboard"]]
Bonobos are both terrestrial and arboreal. Most ground locomotion is characterized by quadrupedal [[knuckle-walking]]. Bipedal [[walking]] has been recorded as less than 1% of terrestrial locomotion in the wild, a figure that decreased with [[habituation]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Doran DM | title = Comparative locomotor behavior of chimpanzees and bonobos: the influence of morphology on locomotion | journal = American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume = 91 | issue = 1 | pages = 83–98 | date = May 1993 | pmid = 8512056 | doi = 10.1002/ajpa.1330910106 }}</ref> while in captivity there is a wide variation. Bipedal walking in captivity, as a percentage of bipedal plus quadrupedal locomotion bouts, has been observed from 3.9% for spontaneous bouts to nearly 19% when abundant food is provided.<ref name="D'Août2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = D'Août K, Vereecke E, Schoonaert K, De Clercq D, Van Elsacker L, Aerts P | title = Locomotion in bonobos (''Pan paniscus''): differences and similarities between bipedal and quadrupedal terrestrial walking, and a comparison with other locomotor modes | journal = Journal of Anatomy | volume = 204 | issue = 5 | pages = 353–61 | date = May 2004 | pmid = 15198700 | pmc = 1571309 | doi = 10.1111/j.0021-8782.2004.00292.x }}</ref> These physical characteristics and its posture give the bonobo an appearance more closely resembling that of humans than the common chimpanzee does. The bonobo also has highly individuated facial features,<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Wiessner PW, Wiessner P, Schiefenhövel W |title=Food and the status quest: an interdisciplinary perspective |date=1996 |location=Providence | publisher = Berghahn Books |isbn=1-57181-871-5 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Hp7dOJzVCeIC | page = 50 | quote = ...twenty-two mature community members (eight males, fourteen females)could be identified using facial features... }}</ref> as humans do, so that one individual may look significantly different from another, a characteristic adapted for visual facial recognition in social interaction.

Multivariate analysis has shown bonobos are more [[Neoteny|neotenized]] than the common chimpanzee, taking into account such features as the proportionately long torso length of the bonobo.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shea BT | title = Paedomorphosis and neoteny in the pygmy chimpanzee | journal = Science | volume = 222 | issue = 4623 | pages = 521–2 | date = November 1983 | pmid = 6623093 | doi = 10.1126/science.6623093 | bibcode = 1983Sci...222..521S }}</ref> Other researchers challenged this conclusion.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Godfrey LR, Sutherland MR | title = Paradox of peramorphic paedomorphosis: heterochrony and human evolution | journal = American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume = 99 | issue = 1 | pages = 17–42 | date = January 1996 | pmid = 8928718 | doi = 10.1002/ajpa.1330990102 }}</ref>