Editing Berkeley, California (section)

===Early 20th century===
[[File:Wheeler Hall--UC Berkeley--Panoramic (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Wheeler Hall]], built in 1917, was designed by [[John Galen Howard]].]]
Berkeley's slow growth ended abruptly with the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake|Great San Francisco earthquake of 1906]]. The town and other parts of the [[East Bay]] escaped serious damage, and thousands of refugees flowed across the Bay. Among them were most of San Francisco's painters and sculptors, who between 1907 and 1911 created one of the largest art colonies west of Chicago. Artist and critic [[Jennie V. Cannon]] described the founding of the Berkeley Art Association and the rivalries of competing studios and art clubs.<ref name="edwards">{{cite book|last1=Edwards|first1=Robert W.| title=Jennie V. Cannon: The Untold History of the Carmel and Berkeley Art Colonies, Vol. 1|date=2012|publisher=East Bay Heritage Project| location=Oakland, Calif.| isbn=9781467545679|pages=72–105}} An online facsimile of the entire text of Vol. 1 is posted on the [http://www.tfaoi.com/aa/10aa/10aa557.htm Traditional Fine Arts Organization website.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429115613/http://tfaoi.com/aa/10aa/10aa557.htm |date=April 29, 2016 }}</ref>

In 1904, the first hospitals in Berkeley were created: the Alta Bates Sanatorium (today Alta Bates Summit Medical Center) for women and children, founded by nurse [[Alta Bates]] on Walnut Street, and the Roosevelt Hospital (later [[Herrick Hospital]]), founded by LeRoy Francis Herrick, on the corner of Dwight Way and Milvia Street.<ref name="pettitt">{{cite book |last= Pettitt|first= George Albert|date= 1973|title= Berkeley: the Town and Gown of it|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zWhwAAAAMAAJ|publisher= Howell-North Books|page= 106|isbn=978-0-8310-7101-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/uploadedFiles/Planning_and_Development/Level_3_-_DAP/5%20Health%20and%20Medicine.pdf|title= Downtown Berkeley Historic Resources Reconnaissance Survey|date= August 2007|website= City of Berkeley|access-date= January 14, 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170524231419/http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/uploadedFiles/Planning_and_Development/Level_3_-_DAP/5%20Health%20and%20Medicine.pdf|archive-date= May 24, 2017|url-status= dead}}</ref>

In 1908, a statewide referendum that proposed moving the California state capital to Berkeley was defeated by a margin of about 33,000 votes.<ref>''Exactly Opposite the Golden Gate'', edited by Phil McCardle, published 1983 by the Berkeley Historical Society, p.251</ref> The city had named streets around the proposed capitol grounds for California counties. They bear those names today, a legacy of the failed referendum.
[[File:Berkeley Women's City Club (Berkeley, CA) (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|The historic [[Spanish Colonial Revival]]–style [[Berkeley City Club]], designed by famed architect [[Julia Morgan]] in 1929]]
On March 4, 1909, following public referendums, the citizens of Berkeley were granted a new charter by the State of California, and the Town of Berkeley became the City of Berkeley.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://clerk.assembly.ca.gov/sites/clerk.assembly.ca.gov/files/archive/Statutes/1907_09/1909.pdf#page=1261 |title=''Statutes of California'', 1907-9, p.1208 |access-date=November 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204065621/https://clerk.assembly.ca.gov/sites/clerk.assembly.ca.gov/files/archive/Statutes/1907_09/1909.pdf#page=1261 |archive-date=December 4, 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rapid growth continued up to the [[Wall Street crash of 1929|crash of 1929]]. The [[Great Depression]] hit Berkeley hard, but not as hard as many other places in the U.S., thanks in part to the university.

In 1916, Berkeley implemented [[single-family zoning]] as an effort to keep minorities out of white neighborhoods. This has been described as the first implementation of single-family zoning in the United States<ref name=SJMN_2021-03-01 >{{ cite news | url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2021/03/01/is-this-the-end-of-single-family-zoning-in-the-bay-area/ | title= Is this the end of single-family zoning in the Bay Area? San Jose, Berkeley, other cities consider sweeping changes | last=Hansen | first=Louis | newspaper=[[San Jose Mercury News]] | date=March 1, 2021 | quote=Single-family zoning, a form of exclusionary zoning, traces its roots in the U.S. to Berkeley in 1916, when city leaders sought to segregate white homeowners from apartment complexes rented by minority residents. It's become the default policy in cities and suburbs across the country. }}</ref><ref name=SJMN_2021-02-24 >{{ cite news | url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2021/02/24/berkeley-to-end-single-family-residential-zoning-citing-racist-ties/ | title=Berkeley to end single-family residential zoning, citing racist ties | last=Ruggiero | first=Angela | newspaper=[[San Jose Mercury News]] | date=February 24, 2021 | quote=Berkeley is thought to be the birthplace of single-family residential zoning; it began in the Elmwood neighborhood in 1916, where it forbade the construction of anything other than one home per lot. That has historically made it difficult for people of color or those with lower incomes to purchase or lease property in sought-after neighborhoods, city officials said. ... Even after racial discrimination such as redlining – refusing home loans to those in low-income neighborhoods – was outlawed, it continued in the form of single-family zoning, he said. }}</ref><ref name=KQED >{{ cite news | url=https://www.kqed.org/news/11840548/the-racist-history-of-single-family-home-zoning | title=The Racist History of Single-Family Home Zoning | last1=Baldassari | first1=Erin | last2=Solomon | first2=Molly | publisher=[[NPR]] | date=October 5, 2020 | access-date= | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114004918/https://www.kqed.org/news/11840548/the-racist-history-of-single-family-home-zoning | archive-date=November 14, 2020 | url-status=live | pages= | quote=Where Did Single-Family Zoning Get Its Start? In none other than true-blue Berkeley, California. The progressive Bay Area enclave was the first city in the country to implement single-family zoning. It adopted the zoning rule for the Elmwood neighborhood in 1916, making it illegal to build anything other than one home on one lot in the neighborhood. }}</ref> By 2021, nearly half of Berkeley's residential neighborhoods were still exclusively zoned for single-family homes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Metcalfe |first=John |date=February 17, 2021 |title=Berkeley may get rid of single-family zoning as a way to correct the arc of its ugly housing history |url=https://www.berkeleyside.org/2021/02/17/berkeley-may-get-rid-of-single-family-zoning-as-a-way-to-correct-the-arc-of-its-ugly-housing-history |website=Berkeleyside |language=en-US}}</ref>

On September 17, 1923, [[1923 Berkeley Fire|a major fire]] swept down the hills toward the university campus and the downtown section. Around 640 structures burned before a late-afternoon sea breeze stopped its progress, allowing firefighters to put it out.

The next big growth occurred with the advent of [[World War II]], when large numbers of people moved to the Bay Area to work in the many war industries, such as the immense [[Kaiser Shipyards]] in nearby [[Richmond, California|Richmond]]. One who moved out, but played a big role in the outcome of the war, was U.C. professor and Berkeley resident [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]. During the war, an Army base, [[Camp Ashby]], was temporarily sited in Berkeley.

The element [[berkelium]] was synthesized utilizing the {{Convert|60|in|m|adj=on}} [[cyclotron]] at UC Berkeley, and named in 1949, in recognition of the university, thus placing the city's name in the list of elements.