Editing Benevento (section)

===Papal rule===
[[File:Benevento 1742.JPG|thumb|Papal Benevento on an 18th-century map]]
Benevento passed to the papacy peacefully when the emperor [[Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry III]] ceded it to [[Leo IX]], in exchange for the pope's consent to the establishment of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bamberg|Diocese of Bamberg]] (1053). [[Landulf II, Archbishop of Benevento]], promoted reform, but also allied with the Normans. He was deposed for two years. Benevento was the cornerstone of the papacy's temporal powers in southern Italy. The papacy ruled it by appointed rectors, seated in a palace, and the principality continued to be a papal possession until 1806, when [[Napoleon]] granted it to his minister [[Charles Maurice de Talleyrand|Talleyrand]] with the title of sovereign prince. Talleyrand was never to settle down and actually rule his new [[Principality of Benevento|principality]]; in 1815 Benevento was returned to the [[papacy]]. It was [[Unification of Italy|united with Italy]] in 1860.<ref name="EB1911"/>

Several popes personally visited Benevento. In 1128 [[Honorius II]] tried inviting [[Roger II of Sicily]] into the city in order to discuss peace terms, however, Roger refused to enter the city, for he felt unsafe within the city. Thus the two instead met on a bridge near Benevento. Only a year later, the city revolted against the Papal rule and Honorius had to beg Roger for assistance.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Matthew |first1=Donald |title=The Norman Kingdom of Sicily |date=1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521269117 |page=32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQfub3l_ejkC |language=en}}</ref>

In 1130, [[Antipope Anacletus II|Anacletus II]] fled from Rome to the safety of Benevento after hearing that his rival, [[Innocent II]] was gaining recognition in the north.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Matthew |first1=Donald |title=The Norman Kingdom of Sicily |date=1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521269117 |pages=34–35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQfub3l_ejkC |language=en}}</ref> When Anacletus created Roger the [[Kingdom of Sicily|king of Sicily]], he granted Roger the right to conscript the citizens of the city into military service, despite city itself remaining under Papal rule.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Matthew |first1=Donald |title=The Norman Kingdom of Sicily |date=1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521269117 |pages=36–37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQfub3l_ejkC |language=en}}</ref> The declaration was not well received, as the citizens became afraid that the city was about to be annexed into the newly found kingdom. Therefore, when Roger made his move against [[Robert II of Capua|Robert of Capua]] and began the civil war, Benevento sided with Robert and ousted Anacletus's supporters from the city.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Matthew |first1=Donald |title=The Norman Kingdom of Sicily |date=1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521269117 |pages=42–43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQfub3l_ejkC |language=en}}</ref>

[[Manfred of Sicily]] lost his life in 1266 in battle with [[Charles of Anjou]] not far from the town, in the course of the [[Battle of Benevento]].<ref name="EB1911"/>