Editing Bay of Fundy (section)

==Human geography and history==
=== History ===
{{Main|History of Nova Scotia|History of New Brunswick}}
[[File:FortEdwardWindsorNovaScotiaCanada.JPG|thumb|[[Fort Edward (Nova Scotia)|Fort Edward]] (built 1750), [[Windsor, Nova Scotia]]—the oldest [[blockhouse]] in North America]]

The [[Miꞌkmaq]] fished in the Bay of Fundy and lived in communities around the bay for centuries before the first Europeans arrived. According to Miꞌkmaq legend, the tide was created when [[Glooscap]] wanted to take a bath.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mi'kmaq Heritage |url=https://www.bayoffundy.com/articles/mikmaq-heritage/ |website=Bay of Fundy |access-date=15 June 2019 |language=en |date=1 February 2011}}</ref>

The first European to visit the bay may have been Portuguese explorer [[João Álvares Fagundes]] in about 1520, although the bay does not appear on Portuguese maps until 1558.<ref name=marshland>{{cite web |title=European Contact and Mapping |url=https://www.mta.ca/marshland/topic3_europeans/european.htm |publisher=Mount Allison University |access-date=23 July 2019 |archive-date=24 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624233632/https://www.mta.ca/marshland/topic3_europeans/european.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first European settlement was French, founded at [[Saint Croix Island, Maine|Saint Croix Island]] in Maine, and then [[Annapolis Royal|Port Royal]], founded by [[Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons|Pierre Dugua]] and [[Samuel de Champlain]] in 1605. Champlain named it ''Labaye Francoise''<ref>[https://umaine.edu/canam/publications/st-croix/champlain-and-the-settlement-of-acadia-1604-1607/ Map of the northeast coast of North America, 1607, drawn by Samuel de Champlain], umaine.edu</ref><ref>[http://www.old-maps.com/newEngland/ne_1607champlain.htm  Champlain's 1607 Map of New England], old-maps.com</ref> (The French Bay). Champlain describes finding an old rotted cross in the bay which may have been left by the Portuguese.<ref name=marshland/>

The village was the first permanent European settlement north of the Spanish [[St. Augustine, Florida]], and predated by two years the first permanent British settlement in [[Jamestown, Virginia]]. About 75 years later, [[Acadians]] spread out along the bay, founding [[Grand-Pré, Nova Scotia|Grand-Pré]], [[Beaubassin]], [[Cobequid]], and [[Pisiguit]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Faragher|first=John Mack|author-link=John Mack Faragher|title=A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion of the French Acadians from Their American Homeland|url=https://archive.org/details/greatnoblescheme00fara|url-access=registration|year=2005|publisher=W.W Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-05135-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/greatnoblescheme00fara/page/110 110]–112}}</ref>

There was much military action and many attacks on the settlements around the bay, first as the French and British fought for control of the area, leading to the [[expulsion of the Acadians]], and later by Americans during the [[American Revolution]] and the [[War of 1812]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Joshua|title=Battle for the Bay: The Naval War of 1812|year=2011|publisher=Goose Lane Editions|location=Fredericton, NB|isbn=978-0-86492-644-9|pages=passim}}</ref>

In the 19th century, the bay was the site of much shipping, and shipbuilders flourished, including [[James Moran (shipbuilder)|James Moran]] of [[St. Martins, New Brunswick]], [[Joseph Salter]], of [[Moncton]], and [[William D. Lawrence]] of [[Maitland, Nova Scotia]]. Fundy ports produced the fastest ship in the world, {{ship||Marco Polo|1851 ship|2}}; the largest wooden ship ever built in Canada, {{ship||William D. Lawrence|ship|2}}; and the first female sea captain in the western world, [[Molly Kool]]. The mystery ship {{ship||Mary Celeste}} was also built there.

The highest water level ever recorded, {{convert|21.6|m|abbr=off}}, occurred in October 1869. It caused extensive destruction to ports and communities, much of which was attributed to a two-metre [[storm surge]] created by the [[1869 Saxby Gale|Saxby Gale]], a [[tropical cyclone]], which coincided with a [[Apsis|perigean]] spring [[tide]]. Waves breached dykes protecting low-lying farmland in the [[Minas Basin]] and the [[Tantramar Marshes]], sending ocean waters surging far inland.

===Settlements===
[[File:Saint John, NB, skyline at dusk8.jpg|thumb|Saint John, NB, is the only major city on the Bay of Fundy.]]

The largest population centre on the bay is [[Saint John, New Brunswick]], a major port and the first incorporated city in what is now Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sjport.com/port-saint-john-reports-2016-tonnage/|title=Port Saint John reports 2016 tonnage|access-date=July 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728114258/https://www.sjport.com/port-saint-john-reports-2016-tonnage/|archive-date=July 28, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/saint-john/|title=Saint John|website=Canadian Encyclopedia|access-date=June 12, 2017}}</ref> Other settlements include, in New Brunswick, [[Saint Andrews, New Brunswick|St. Andrews]], [[Blacks Harbour, New Brunswick|Blacks Harbour]], [[Grand Manan]], [[Campobello Island|Campobello]], [[Fundy-St. Martins]], [[Alma, New Brunswick|Alma]], [[Riverside-Albert, New Brunswick|Riverside-Albert]], [[Hopewell Cape, New Brunswick|Hopewell Cape]], and [[Sackville, New Brunswick|Sackville]], and in Nova Scotia, [[Amherst, Nova Scotia|Amherst]], [[Advocate Harbour]], [[Parrsboro]], [[Truro, Nova Scotia|Truro]], [[Maitland, Nova Scotia|Maitland]], [[Cheverie, Nova Scotia|Cheverie]], [[Windsor, Nova Scotia|Windsor]], [[Wolfville]], [[Canning, Nova Scotia|Canning]], [[Annapolis Royal]], and [[Digby, Nova Scotia|Digby]].

===Ports and shipping===
[[Image:GMV 11June2008.jpg|thumb|''Grand Manan V'' ferry at North Head, [[Grand Manan]] Island]]
The port of Saint John gives access to the [[pulp and paper industry]] and the [[Irving Oil|Irving]] [[oil refinery]]. [[Hantsport]], Nova Scotia, also has a pulp and paper mill and ships [[gypsum]] to the United States.

The bay is also traversed by ferries:
* [[Saint John, New Brunswick|Saint John]] to [[Digby, Nova Scotia|Digby]], operated by [[Bay Ferries]].
* [[Grand Manan]] to [[Blacks Harbour, New Brunswick|Blacks Harbour]] and [[White Head Island]], to Grand Manan, operated by [[Coastal Transport Limited|Coastal Transport]].
* The Letete to [[Deer Island (New Brunswick)|Deer Island]] Ferry, operated by the [[New Brunswick Department of Transportation]].
* [[Campobello Island]], to Deer Island and [[Eastport, Maine]], to Deer Island. Operated by East Coast Ferries Limited.
* [[Brier Island]] to [[Long Island (Nova Scotia)|Long Island]] and Long Island to peninsular Nova Scotia, operated by Nova Scotia Department of Transportation and Public Works.