Editing Battle of Culloden (section)

===Artillery exchange===
At approximately 1&nbsp;pm, Finlayson's Jacobite batteries opened fire; possibly in response to Cumberland sending forward [[George Keppel, 3rd Earl of Albemarle|Lord Bury]] to within 100 m of the Jacobite lines to "ascertain the strength of their battery".{{sfn|Pittock|2016|p=86}} The government artillery responded shortly afterwards. Some later Jacobite memoirs suggest that their troops were then subjected to artillery bombardment for 30 minutes or more while Charles delayed an advance, but government accounts suggest a much shorter exchange before the Jacobites attacked. Campbell of Airds, in the rear, timed it at 9 minutes, but Cumberland's aide-de-camp Yorke suggested only 2 or 3 minutes.<ref name="Pollard 2009 loc. 2128">{{cite book |editor-last=Pollard |editor-first=Tony  |title=Culloden |publisher=Pen and Sword (Kindle ed)|date=2009 |page=loc. 2128}}</ref>

The duration implies that the government artillery is unlikely to have fired more than thirty rounds at extreme range: statistical analysis concludes that would have caused only 20–30 Jacobite casualties at that stage, rather than the hundreds suggested by some accounts.<ref name="Pollard 2009 loc. 2128"/>