Editing Baloch people (section)

===Medieval period===
According to Baloch lore, their ancestors hail from [[Aleppo]] in what is now [[Syria]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Olson |title=An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires |date=1994 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0313274978 |page=101 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> After the fight against [[abbasid Caliph]] [[Harun al-Rashid|Harun]] under Ameer Hamza the [[Kharijites]] leader<ref name=":Two Essays on Baloch History and Folklore2" /><ref>{{cite web |title=meer hamza: a very famous personality in the baloch history |url=http://www.uob.edu.pk/Journals/Balochistan-Review/data/BR%2002%202012/23-31%20Meer%20Hamza,%20A%20very%20Famous%20Personality%20in%20The%20Baloch%20History,%20Ghulam%20Farooq%20Baloch.pdf |access-date=December 18, 2024 |website=[[University of Balochistan]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Dashti, The Baloch and Balochistan|2012|pp=67}} migrated to east or southeast of the central Caspian region, specially toward to east or southeast of the central [[Caspian Sea|Caspian region]], specially toward [[Sistan]],{{sfn|Dashti, The Baloch and Balochistan|2012|pp=67}} Iran.

Based on an analysis of the linguistic connections of the Balochi language, which is one of the [[Western Iranian languages]], the original homeland of the Baloch tribes was likely to the east or southeast of the central [[Caspian Sea|Caspian]] region. The Baloch began migrating towards the east in the late [[Sasanian]] period. The cause of the migration is unknown but may have been as a result of the generally unstable conditions in the Caspian area. The migrations occurred over several centuries.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Baluchistan iii. Baluchi Language and Literature |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baluchistan-iii |access-date=30 December 2014 |last=Elfenbein |first=J. |date=1988}}</ref>

By the 9th century, [[Arab people|Arab]] writers [[Istakhri]], [[Yaqut al-Hamawi]] and [[Al-Maqdisi|Al-Muqaddasī]] refer to the Baloch as a distinct ethnical group living in the area between [[Kerman]], [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], [[Sistan]], and [[Makran]].<ref name="Spooner2" /> [[Ibn Khordadbeh]], in [[Book of Roads and Kingdoms|Kitab al-Masalik wal-Mamalik]], describes the geography of Makran, and mentions the Baloch as They are powerful, numerous, and engaged in animal husbandry, their houses are made of wood. Al-Muqaddasī documented that [[Panjgur District|Panjgur]] was the capital of Makran and that it was populated by people called Baloch.<ref>{{citation |last=Hansman |first=John |title=A Periplus of Magan and Meluhha |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=36 |number=3 |pages=553–587 |year=1973 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00119858 |jstor=613582}}</ref><ref name=":Two Essays on Baloch History and Folklore2" />{{sfn|Dashti, The Baloch and Balochistan|2012|pp=85}}

The 12th century Seljuk invasion of [[Kerman]] seemed to have stimulated the further eastwards emigration of the Baloch,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-09 |title=Baloch {{!}} People, History, & Culture {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Baloch |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> towards what is now the Balochistan province of Pakistan, although some remained behind and there are still Baloch in the eastern parts of the Iranian [[Sistan and Baluchestan Province|Sistan-Baluchestan]] and [[Kerman province|Kerman]] provinces. By the 13th–14th centuries, waves of Baloch were moving into Sindh, and by the 15th century into the Punjab.<ref name="Spooner2" />

[[Dayaram Gidumal]] writes that a Baloch legend is backed up by the medieval [[Qarmatians]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gidumal |first=Dayaram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ra86AQAAMAAJ |title=History of Alienations in the Province of Sind: Compiled from the Jagir and Other Records in the Commissioner's Office on the Authority of Bombay Government, Resolution No. 12, Dated 2nd January 1878, Revenue Department |date=1888 |publisher=Printed at the "Commissioner's Press" |language=en}}</ref> The fact that the [[Kalmati]]s were ethnic Baluchis is also confirmed by the Persian historian in the 16th century [[Muhammad Qasim Ferishta]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JH7q-DP30HUC |title=Gazetteer |date=1880 |publisher=Government Central Press |language=en}}</ref>

Traditionally, [[Jalal Khan]] was the ruler and founder of the first Baloch confederacy in 12th century. (He may be the same as [[Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu]] the last ruler of the [[Khwarezmian Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dashti |first=Naseer |title=The Baloch and Balochistan: A Historical Account from the Beginning to the Fall of the Baloch State |publisher=Trafford Publishing |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4669-5896-8 |location=Bloomington, Indiana |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xIjyLNpusbAC&pg=PA104 103–104]}}</ref>) Jalal Khan left four sons – [[Rind Khan]], Lashar Khan, [[King Hoth Baloch|Hoth Khan]], Korai Khan and a daughter, Bibi Jato, who married his nephew Murad.<ref name=":Two Essays on Baloch History and Folklore2" /> Since 12th century Baloch chieftains ruled over most of Balochistan. [[Jalal Khan|Mir Jalal khan]] and [[Mir Chakar Rind|Mir Chakar]] after the establishment of the Baloch Confederation, They extended their dominance on outside the borders of Balochistan, Mir Chakar seized control over Punjab and captured [[Multan]].<ref name=":Balochistan A Conflict of Narratives2">{{cite book |last=Malik |first=Fida Hussain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNwCEAAAQBAJ |title=Balochistan A Conflict of Narratives |publisher=Saiyid Books |year=2020 |isbn=9789692200028 |page=3}}</ref> The great Baloch kingdom was based on tribal confederationn, Punjab and Balochistan remained under his rule for a period of time .<ref name=":Rathore2">{{cite book |last=Rathore |first=Azad Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3UgEAAAQBAJ |title=Balochistan The Heights of Oppression |publisher=Partridge Publishing India |year=2021 |isbn=9781543706642}}</ref><ref name=":Zeb2" />

According to Dr. Akhtar Baloch, professor at [[University of Karachi]], the Baloch migrated from [[Balochistan region|Balochistan]] during the [[Little Ice Age]] and settled in [[Sindh]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]. The Little Ice Age is conventionally defined as a period extending from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries,<ref name="Mann20032">{{cite book |last=Mann |first=Michael |url=http://www.meteo.psu.edu/holocene/public_html/shared/articles/littleiceage.pdf |title=Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, Volume 1, The Earth System: Physical and Chemical Dimensions of Global Environmental Change |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2003 |editor1-last=MacCracken |editor1-first=Michael C. |chapter=Little Ice Age |access-date=17 November 2012 |editor2-last=Perry |editor2-first=John S. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124223238/http://www.meteo.psu.edu/holocene/public_html/shared/articles/littleiceage.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Lamb19722">{{cite book |author=Lamb, H. H. |title=Climate: present, past and future |publisher=Methuen |year=1972 |isbn=0-416-11530-6 |location=London |page=107 |chapter=The cold Little Ice Age climate of about 1550 to 1800}} (noted in Grove 2004:4).</ref><ref name="NASA Glossary2">{{Cite web |title=Earth observatory Glossary L-N |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Glossary/?mode=alpha&seg=l&segend=n |access-date=17 July 2015 |publisher=NASA |place=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Green Belt MD}}</ref> or alternatively, from about 1300<ref name="miller20122">Miller ''et al.'' 2012. "Abrupt onset of the Little Ice Age triggered by volcanism and sustained by sea-ice/ocean feedbacks" ''Geophysical Research Letters'' '''39''', 31 January: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120202002252/http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/pip/2011GL050168.shtml abstract (formerly on AGU website)] (accessed via wayback machine 11 July 2015); see [http://news.agu.org/press-release/unusual-volcanic-episode-rapidly-triggered-little-ice-age-researchers-find/ press release on AGU website] (accessed 11 July 2015).</ref> to about 1850.<ref>Grove, J. M., ''Little Ice Ages: Ancient and Modern,'' Routledge, London (2 volumes) 2004.</ref><ref>Matthews, J. A. and Briffa, K. R., [https://www.lakeheadu.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/53/outlines/2014-15/NECU5311/MatthewsBriffa_2005_GA_LIAconcept.pdf "The 'Little Ice Age': re-evaluation of an evolving concept"], ''Geogr. Ann., 87,'' A (1), pp. 17–36 (2005). Retrieved 17 July 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=1.4.3 Solar Variability and the Total Solar Irradiance – AR4 WGI Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change Science |url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch1s1-4-3.html |access-date=24 June 2013 |publisher=Ipcc.ch}}</ref>

The area where the Baloch tribes settled was disputed between the [[Persian people|Persian]] [[Safavids]] and the [[Mughal emperors]]. Although the Mughals managed to establish some control over the eastern parts of the area, by the 17th century, a tribal [[Brahui people|Brahui]] leader named Mir Hasan established himself as the first "Khan of the Baloch". In 1666, he was succeeded by [[Ahmad I (Kalat)|Mir Aḥmad Khan Qambarani]] who established the [[Khanate of Kalat]] under the Ahmadzai dynasty.{{refn|A number of unrelated tribes with the name ''Ahmadzai'' exist.<ref name=Iranica>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Kieffer |first=Ch. M. |encyclopedia= [[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|title= Aḥmadzī|url= http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ahmadzi-descendants-of-ahmad-sing|edition= Online|publisher= [[Columbia University]]|location= United States}}</ref> There are two [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] tribes who are unrelated to each other with this name: the [[Ahmadzai (Wazir clan)|Ahmadzai]] who are a [[Wazir (Pashtun tribe)|Waziri tribe]] and the [[Sulaimankhel]] [[Ahmadzai (Ghilji clan)|Ahmadzai]], part of the [[Ghilzai]] confederation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.edu/programs/ccs/Ethnic_identity.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118025854/http://www.nps.edu/programs/ccs/Ethnic_identity.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 November 2007 |publisher=Naval Postgraduate School |title=Ethnic Identity in Afghanistan |access-date=3 January 2015 }}</ref> However, the Ahmadzai Khans of Khalat were neither of these and belonged to a [[Brahui people|Brahui]] tribe.<ref name="BrunsMiggelbrink2011">{{cite book|author1=Bettina Bruns|author2=Judith Miggelbrink|title=Subverting Borders: Doing Research on Smuggling and Small-Scale Trade|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VlULn9od0HoC&pg=PA52|date=8 October 2011|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-531-93273-6|page=52, footnote 12}}</ref><ref name="Minahan2012">{{cite book|first=James|last=Minahan|title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&pg=PA48|year=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-659-1|page=48}}</ref><ref name="Axmann2008">{{cite book|last=Axmann|first=Martin|title=Back to the Future: The Khanate of Kalat and the Genesis of Baloch Nationalism, 1915–1955|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ngMAQAAMAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-547645-3|page=22}}</ref>|group="note"}} Originally in alliance with the Mughals, the Khanate lost its autonomy in 1839 with the signing of a treaty with the [[British Raj|British colonial government]] and the region effectively became part of the [[British Raj]].<ref name="Spooner2" />