Editing Bahram II (section)

===Wars===
[[Image:Hormizd I Kushanshah Merv mint.jpg|thumb|Drachma of [[Hormizd I Kushanshah]]]]
Bahram II was met with considerable challenges during his reign. His brother [[Hormizd I Kushanshah]], who governed the eastern portion of the empire (i.e., the [[Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom]]), rebelled against him.{{sfn|Shahbazi|2004}}{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|pp=81–82}} Hormizd I Kushanshah was the first Kushano-Sasanian ruler to mint coins with the inscription of "Hormizd, the Great Kushan King of Kings" instead of the traditional "Great Kushan King" title.{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|p=81}} The Kushano-Sasanian king, now laying claims to the title of King of Kings, which had originally also been used by the [[Kushan Empire]], displays a "noteworthy transition" ([[Khodadad Rezakhani|Rezakhani]]) in Kushano-Sasanian ideology and self-perception and possibly a direct dispute with the ruling branch of the Sasanian family.{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|p=81}} Hormizd I Kushanshah was supported in his efforts by the Sakastanis, [[Gilan Province|Gilaks]], and Kushans.{{sfn|Daryaee|2014|p=11}} Another revolt also occurred in Sakastan, led by Bahram II's cousin [[Hormizd of Sakastan]], who has been suggested to be the same person as Hormizd I Kushanshah.{{sfn|Shahbazi|2004}} However, according to the [[Iranologist]] Khodadad Rezakhani, this proposal must now be disregarded.{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|p=81}} At the same time, a revolt led by a high-priest (''[[mowbed]]'') occurred in the province of [[Khuzistan (Sasanian province)|Khuzestan]], which was seized by the latter for a period.{{sfn|Daryaee|2014|pp=11–12}}

Meanwhile, the Roman emperor [[Carus]], hearing of the civil war occurring in the Sasanian Empire, chose to take advantage of the situation by making a campaign into the empire in 283.{{sfn|Shahbazi|2004}} He invaded [[Mesopotamia]] while Bahram II was in the east, and even besieged the Sasanian capital of Ctesiphon without much fighting.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1988|pp=514–522}}{{sfn|Daryaee|2014|p=12}} The Sasanians, due to severe internal problems, were unable to mount an effective coordinated defense at the time; Carus and his army may have captured Ctesiphon.{{sfn|Potter|2013|p=26}} However, Carus briefly died afterwards, reportedly being struck by lightning.{{sfn|Potter|2013|p=26}} The Roman army as a result withdrew, and Mesopotamia was re-captured by the Sasanians.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1988|pp=514–522}}