Editing Baalbek (section)

===Middle Ages and early modernity===
[[File:Ruins of Old Mosque, Baalbek WDL2449.png|thumb|right|The ruins of a Baalbek mosque {{circa|lk=no|1900}}]]
[[File:BaalbekMosquePillars.jpg|thumb|The probable remains of a medieval [[mosque]] in front of some of the [[Mamluk Egypt|Mamluk]] fortifications]]
Baalbek was occupied by the [[Rashidun army|Muslim army]] in AD&nbsp;634 ([[AH (era)|{{sc|ah}}]]&nbsp;13),{{sfnp|Cook|1914|p=[http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0638 555]}} in 636,{{sfnp|Jessup|1881|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA473 473]}} or under [[Abu ʿUbaidah]] following the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] [[Battle of Yarmouk|defeat at Yarmouk]] in 637 ([[AH (era)|{{sc|ah}}]]&nbsp;16),{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} either peacefully and by agreement{{sfnp|''EI''|1913|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA543 543]}} or following a heroic defense and yielding {{convert|2000|oz|kg|abbr=on}} of gold, {{convert|4000|oz|kg|abbr=on}} of silver, 2000 silk vests, and 1000 swords.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878|p=177}} The ruined temple complex was fortified under the name {{nowrap|'''al-Qala''''}} ({{abbr|lit.|literally}}&nbsp;"[[Alcalá (surname)|The Fortress]]"){{sfnp|Cook|1914|p=[http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0638 555]}} but was sacked with great violence by the Damascene caliph [[Marwan&nbsp;II]] in 748, at which time it was dismantled and largely depopulated.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878|p=177}} It formed part of the district of Damascus under the [[Umayyad dynasty|Umayyads]] and [[Abbasid dynasty|Abbasids]] before being conquered by [[Fatimid Egypt]] in 942.{{sfnp|''EI''|1913|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA543 543]}} In the [[10th century in Lebanon|mid-10th century]], it was said to have "gates of palaces sculptured in marble and lofty columns also of marble" and that it was the most "stupendous" and "considerable" location in the whole of Syria.{{sfnp|Jessup|1881|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA473 473]}} It was sacked and razed by the Byzantines under [[John I Tzimiskes|John&nbsp;I]] in 974,{{sfnp|''EI''|1913|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA543 543]}} raided by [[Basil II the Bulgarkiller|Basil&nbsp;II]] in 1000,{{sfnp|''CMH''|1966|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9lHeh36S8ooC&pg=PT634 634]}} and occupied by [[Salih ibn Mirdas]], [[emir]] of [[Emirate of Aleppo|Aleppo]], in 1025.{{sfnp|''EI''|1913|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA543 543]}}

In 1075, it was finally lost to the Fatimids on its conquest by [[Tutush&nbsp;I]], [[Seljuk Turks|Seljuk]] emir of [[List of rulers of Damascus#Seljuq emirs|Damascus]].{{sfnp|''EI''|1913|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA543 543]}} It was briefly held by [[Muslim ibn Quraysh]], emir of [[Emirate of Aleppo|Aleppo]], in 1083; after its recovery, it was ruled in the Seljuks' name by the eunuch [[Gümüshtegin]] until he was deposed for conspiring against the usurper [[Toghtekin]] in 1110.{{sfnp|''EI''|1913|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA543 543]}} Toghtekin then gave the town to his son [[Taj al-Muluk Buri|Buri]]. Upon Buri's succession to Damascus on his father's death in 1128, he granted the area to his son [[Jamal al-Din Muhammad|Muhammad]].{{sfnp|''EI''|1913|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA543 543]}} After Buri's murder, Muhammad successfully defended himself against the attacks of his brothers [[Shams-ul-Mulk Isma'il|Ismaʿil]] and [[Shihab-ud-din Mahmud|Mahmud]] and gave Baalbek to his [[vizier]] [[Mu'in ad-Din Unur|Unur]].{{sfnp|''EI''|1913|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA543 543]}} In July 1139, [[Imad ad-Din Zengi|Zengi]], atabeg of [[Atabegate of Aleppo|Aleppo]] and stepfather of Mahmud, besieged Baalbek with 14 catapults. The outer city held until 10 October and the citadel until the 21st,{{sfnp|Venning & al.|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ubflCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA109 109]}} when Unur surrendered upon a promise of safe passage.{{sfnp|''EI''|1936|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1225 1225]}} In December, Zengi negotiated with Muhammad, offering to trade Baalbek or [[Homs]] for Damascus, but Unur convinced the atabeg to refuse.{{sfnp|Venning & al.|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ubflCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA109 109]}} Zengi strengthened its fortifications and bestowed the territory on his lieutenant [[Najm ad-Din Ayyub|Ayyub]], father of [[Saladin]]. Upon Zengi's assassination in 1146, Ayyub surrendered the territory to Unur, who was acting as regent for Muhammad's son [[Mujir ad-Din Abaq|Abaq]]. It was granted to the eunuch [[Ata al-Khadim]],{{sfnp|''EI''|1913|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA543 543]}} who also served as viceroy of Damascus.

In December 1151, it was raided by the garrison of [[Banias|Banyas]] as a reprisal for its role in a Turcoman raid on Banyas.{{sfnp|Venning & al.|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ubflCAAAQBAJ&&pg=PA138 138]}} Following Ata's murder, his nephew [[Dahhak ibn Jandal|Dahhak]], emir of the [[Wadi al-Taym]], ruled Baalbek. He was forced to relinquish it to [[Nur ad-Din, atabeg of Aleppo|Nur ad-Din]] in 1154{{sfnp|''EI''|1913|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA543 543]}} after Ayyub had successfully intrigued against Abaq from his estates near Baalbek. Ayyub then administered the area from Damascus on Nur ad-Din's behalf.{{sfnp|Venning & al.|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ubflCAAAQBAJ&&pg=PA141 141–142]}} In the mid-12th century, [[Muhammad al-Idrisi|Idrisi]] mentioned Baalbek's two temples and the legend of their origin under Solomon;{{sfnp|Jessup|1881|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA475 475–476]}} it was visited by the [[Judaism|Jewish]] traveler [[Benjamin of Tudela]] in 1170.{{sfnp|''CT''|2010}}

Baalbek's citadel served as a jail for [[Crusaders]] taken by the Zengids as [[prisoners of war]].{{sfnp|Alouf|1944|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qiyY1CKE9SIC&pg=PA94 94]}} In 1171, these captives successfully overpowered their guards and took possession of the castle from its garrison. Muslims from the surrounding area gathered, however, and entered the castle through a secret passageway shown to them by a local. The Crusaders were then massacred.{{sfnp|Alouf|1944|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qiyY1CKE9SIC&pg=PA94 94]}}

Three major earthquakes occurred in the 12th century, in 1139, 1157, and 1170.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878|p=177}} The one in 1170 ruined Baalbek's walls and, though Nur ad-Din repaired them, his young heir [[As-Salih Ismail al-Malik|Ismaʿil]] was made to yield it to [[Saladin]] by a 4-month siege in 1174.{{sfnp|''EI''|1913|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA543 543]}} Having taken control of Damascus on the invitation of its governor [[Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn al-Muqaddam|Ibn al-Muqaddam]], Saladin rewarded him with the {{nowrap|'''emirate of Baalbek'''}} following the [[Battle of the Horns of Hama|Ayyubid victory at the Horns of Hama]] in 1175.{{sfnp|Humphreys|1977|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JfXl5kvabhoC&pg=PA52 52]}} [[Baldwin IV of Jerusalem|Baldwin]], the young leper [[king of Jerusalem]], came of age the next year, ending the Crusaders' treaty with Saladin.{{sfn|Lock|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AkCKZ9Hs4-QC&pg=PA63 63]}} His former regent, [[Raymond III of Tripoli|Raymond of Tripoli]], raided the [[Beqaa Valley]] from the west in the summer, suffering a slight defeat at Ibn al-Muqaddam's hands.{{sfnp|Runciman|1951|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QL88AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA410 410]}} He was then joined by the main army, riding north under Baldwin and [[Humphrey II of Toron|Humphrey of Toron]];{{sfnp|Runciman|1951|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QL88AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA410 410]}} they defeated Saladin's elder brother [[Turan Shah]] in August at [[Ayn al-Jarr]] and plundered Baalbek.{{sfnp|Alouf|1944|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qiyY1CKE9SIC&pg=PA94 94]}} Upon the deposition of [[Turan Shah]] for neglecting his duties in Damascus, however, he demanded his childhood home{{sfnp|Sato|1997|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MycQL-9_bqwC&pg=PA57 57]}} of Baalbek as compensation. Ibn al-Muqaddam did not consent and Saladin opted to invest the city in late 1178 to maintain peace within his own family.{{sfnp|Baldwin|1969|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RfO1J6hjcdgC&pg=PA572 572]}} An attempt to pledge fealty to the Christians at [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]] was ignored on behalf of an existing treaty with Saladin.{{sfnp|Köhler|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tYG0AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA226 226]}} The siege was maintained peacefully through the snows of winter, with Saladin waiting for the "foolish" commander and his garrison of "ignorant scum" to come to terms.{{sfnp|Lyons & al.|1982|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kRF1F3wK26YC&pg=PA132 132–133]}} Sometime in spring, Ibn al-Muqaddam yielded and Saladin accepted his terms, granting him [[Baʿrin]], [[Kafartab|Kafr Tab]], and [[al-Maʿarra]].{{sfnp|Lyons & al.|1982|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kRF1F3wK26YC&pg=PA132 132–133]}}{{sfnp|Sato|1997|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MycQL-9_bqwC&pg=PA58 58]}} The generosity quieted unrest among Saladin's vassals through the rest of his reign{{sfnp|Baldwin|1969|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RfO1J6hjcdgC&pg=PA572 572]}} but led his enemies to attempt to take advantage of his presumed weakness.{{sfnp|Lyons & al.|1982|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kRF1F3wK26YC&pg=PA132 132–133]}} He did not permit Turan Shah to retain Baalbek very long, though, instructing him to lead the Egyptian troops returning home in 1179 and appointing him to a sinecure in [[emirate of Alexandria|Alexandria]].{{sfnp|Humphreys|1977|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JfXl5kvabhoC&pg=PA52 52]}} Baalbek was then granted to his nephew [[Farrukh Shah]], whose family ruled it for the next half-century.{{sfnp|Humphreys|1977|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JfXl5kvabhoC&pg=PA52 52]}} When Farrukh Shah died three years later, his son [[Bahram Shah]] was only a child but he was permitted his inheritance and ruled til 1230.{{sfnp|''EI''|1913|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA543 543]}} He was followed by [[Al-Ashraf Musa, Emir of Damascus|al-Ashraf Musa]], who was succeeded by his brother [[As-Salih Ismail (Ayyubid emir)|as-Salih Ismail]],{{sfnp|''EI''|1913|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA543 543]}} who received it in 1237 as compensation for being deprived of [[Damascus]] by their brother [[al-Kamil]].{{sfn|Venning & al.|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ubflCAAAQBAJ&&pg=PA299 299]}} It was seized in 1246 after a year of assaults by [[as-Salih Ayyub]], who bestowed it upon [[Saʿd al-Din al-Humaidi]].{{sfnp|''EI''|1913|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA543 543]}} When as-Salih Ayyub's successor [[Al-Muazzam Turanshah|Turan Shah]] was murdered in 1250, [[al-Nasir Yusuf]], the [[sultan of Aleppo]], seized Damascus and demanded Baalbek's surrender. Instead, its emir did homage and agreed to regular payments of tribute.{{sfnp|''EI''|1913|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA543 543]}}

The [[Mongolian Empire|Mongolian]] general [[Kitbuqa]] took Baalbek in 1260 and dismantled its fortifications. Later in the same year, however, [[Qutuz]], the [[sultan of Egypt]], defeated the Mongols and placed Baalbek under the rule of their emir in Damascus.{{sfnp|''EI''|1913|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA543 543]}} Most of the city's still-extant fine mosque and fortress architecture dates to the reign of the sultan [[Qalawun]] in the 1280s.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} By the early 14th century, [[Abulfeda]] the [[Hama]]thite was describing the city's "large and strong fortress".{{sfnp|Jessup|1881|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA476 476]}} The revived settlement was again destroyed by a flood on 10 May 1318, when water from the east and northeast made holes {{convert|30|m|abbr=on}} wide in walls {{convert|4|m|abbr=on}} thick.{{sfnp|Alouf|1944|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qiyY1CKE9SIC&pg=PA96 96]}} 194 people were killed and 1500 houses, 131 shops, 44 orchards, 17 ovens, 11 mills, and 4 aqueducts were ruined, along with the town's mosque and 13 other religious and educational buildings.{{sfnp|Alouf|1944|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qiyY1CKE9SIC&pg=PA96 96]}} In 1400, [[Timur]] pillaged the town,<ref>le Strange, 1890, p. xxiii.</ref> and there was further destruction from a 1459 earthquake.{{sfnp|''EI''|1913|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA544 544]}}