Editing BCG vaccine (section)

=== Cancer ===
{{anchor|Cancer}}
{{see also|Cancer immunotherapy|Cancer vaccine|Coley's toxins}}
[[Image:Granulomatous inflammation of bladder neck.jpg|thumb|right|[[Micrograph]] showing [[granuloma]]tous [[inflammation]] of bladder neck tissue due to Bacillus Calmette–Guérin used to treat [[bladder cancer]], [[H&E stain]]]]

BCG has been one of the most successful immunotherapies.<ref name="BDG_2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rentsch CA, Birkhäuser FD, Biot C, Gsponer JR, Bisiaux A, Wetterauer C, Lagranderie M, Marchal G, Orgeur M, Bouchier C, Bachmann A, Ingersoll MA, Brosch R, Albert ML, Thalmann GN | title = Bacillus Calmette-Guérin strain differences have an impact on clinical outcome in bladder cancer immunotherapy | journal = European Urology | volume = 66 | issue = 4 | pages = 677–688 | date = October 2014 | pmid = 24674149 | doi = 10.1016/j.eururo.2014.02.061 }}</ref> BCG vaccine has been the "standard of care for patients with [[bladder cancer]] (NMIBC)" since 1977.<ref name="BDG_2016" /><ref name="BCG_success_2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Brandau S, Suttmann H | title = Thirty years of BCG immunotherapy for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a success story with room for improvement | journal = Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy | volume = 61 | issue = 6 | pages = 299–305 | date = July 2007 | pmid = 17604943 | doi = 10.1016/j.biopha.2007.05.004 }}<!--|access-date=29 January 2016 --></ref> By 2014, more than eight different considered biosimilar agents or strains used to treat nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer.<ref name="BDG_2016" /><ref name="BCG_success_2007" />
* Several [[cancer vaccine]]s use BCG as an additive to provide an initial stimulation of the person's immune system.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}
* BCG is [[BCG as a treatment for bladder cancer|used in the treatment]] of superficial forms of bladder cancer. Since the late 1970s, evidence has become available that the instillation of BCG into the bladder is an effective form of [[immunotherapy]] in this disease.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lamm DL, Blumenstein BA, Crawford ED, Montie JE, Scardino P, Grossman HB, Stanisic TH, Smith JA, Sullivan J, Sarosdy MF | title = A randomized trial of intravesical doxorubicin and immunotherapy with bacille Calmette-Guérin for transitional-cell carcinoma of the bladder | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 325 | issue = 17 | pages = 1205–1209 | date = October 1991 | pmid = 1922207 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM199110243251703 | doi-access = free }}</ref> While the mechanism is unclear, it appears a local immune reaction is mounted against the tumor. Immunotherapy with BCG prevents recurrence in up to 67% of cases of superficial bladder cancer.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}
* BCG has been evaluated in many studies as a therapy for [[colorectal cancer]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mosolits S, Nilsson B, Mellstedt H | title = Towards therapeutic vaccines for colorectal carcinoma: a review of clinical trials | journal = Expert Review of Vaccines | volume = 4 | issue = 3 | pages = 329–350 | date = June 2005 | pmid = 16026248 | doi = 10.1586/14760584.4.3.329 | s2cid = 35749038 | title-link = therapeutic vaccine }}</ref> The US biotech company [[Vaccinogen]] is evaluating BCG as an adjuvant to autologous tumour cells used as a cancer vaccine in stage II [[colon cancer]].{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}