Editing Ayahuasca (section)

=== Origins ===
Archaeological evidence of the use of psychoactive plants in northeastern Amazon dates back to 1500–2000 BCE. Anthropomorphic figurines, snuffing trays and pottery vessels, often adorned with mythological figures and sacred animals, offer a glimpse of the [[Pre-Columbian era|pre-Columbian]] culture regarding use of the sacred plants, their preparation and ritual consumption [citar naranjo 86].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} Although several botanical specimens (like tobacco, [[coca]] and [[Anadenanthera peregrina|''Anadenanthera spp.'']]) were identified among these objects,<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=McKenna |first=Dennis |title=Sacred Vine of Spirits: Ayahuasca |publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co |year=2005 |isbn=1594777810 |pages=42 |chapter=Ayahuasca : An Ethnopharmacologic History}}</ref> there is no unequivocal evidence of this date referring directly to ayahuasca. ''Banisteriopsis caapi'' use is suggested from a pouch containing carved snuffing trays, bone spatulas and other paraphernalia with traces of [[harmine]] and [[N,N-Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]], discovered in a cave in southwestern Bolivia in 2008,<ref name="pnas_Chem2">{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Melanie J. |last2=Albarracin-Jordan |first2=Juan |last3=Moore |first3=Christine |last4=Capriles |first4=José M. |date=4 June 2019 |title=Chemical evidence for the use of multiple psychotropic plants in a 1,000-year-old ritual bundle from South America |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=116 |issue=23 |pages=11207–11212 |bibcode=2019PNAS..11611207M |doi=10.1073/pnas.1902174116 |pmc=6561276 |pmid=31061128 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and chemical traces of harmine in the hair of two mummies found in northern Chile.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ogalde |first1=Juan P. |last2=Arriaza |first2=Bernardo T. |last3=Soto |first3=Elia C. |date=February 2009 |title=Identification of psychoactive alkaloids in ancient Andean human hair by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.036 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=467–472 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.036 |bibcode=2009JArSc..36..467O |issn=0305-4403}}</ref> Both cases are linked to [[Tiwanaku Empire|Tiwanaku]] people, circa 900 CE. There are several reports of oral and nasal use of [[Anadenanthera peregrina|''Anadenanthera spp.'']] (rich in [[5-MeO-DMT|bufotenin]]) ritualistically and therapeutically during labor and infancy, and researchers suggest that addition of ''Banisteriopsis spp.'' to catalyze its psychoactivity emerged later, due to contact between different groups of Amazon and [[Altiplano]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ogalde |first1=Juan Pablo |last2=Arriaza |first2=Bernardo T. |last3=Santoro |first3=Calogero M. |last4=Capriles |first4=Jose M. |last5=Puddu |first5=Giannin |last6=Ugalde |first6=Paula C. |last7=Rothhammer Engel |first7=Francisco |date=2017 |title=Consumo prehispánico de sustancias psicoactivas en el norte de Chile sugiere redes tempranas de intercambio con el Altiplano central y la Amazonía |url=https://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/149398 |journal=Interciencia |language=es |issn=0378-1844}}</ref>

Despite claims by numerous anthropologists and ethnologists, such as [[Plutarco Naranjo]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Naranjo |first=Plutarco |date=1986 |title=El ayahuasca en la arqueología ecuatoriana |journal=Am. Indígena |volume=46 |pages=117–127}}</ref> regarding the millennial usage of ayahuasca, compelling evidence substantiating its pre-Columbian consumption is yet to be firmly established. As articulated by [[Dennis McKenna]]:<ref name=":02" /> <blockquote>"No one can say for certain where the practice may have originated, and about all that can be stated with certainty is that is already spread among numerous indigenous tribes throughout Amazon basin by the time ayahuasca came to the attention of Western ethnographers in the mid-nineteenth century" </blockquote>The first western references of the ayahuasca beverage dates back to seventeenth century, during the [[European colonization of the Americas]]. The earlier report is a letter from [[Vincente de Valverde]] to the [[Holy Office of the Inquisition]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Varella |first=Alexandre Camera |title=A Cultura do uso de psicoativos nas grandes civilizações pré-colombianas (aproximações e perspectivas). |year=2005}}</ref> Jose Chantre y Herrera still in the seventeenth century, provided the first detailed description of a "devilish potion" cooked from bitter herbs and lianas (called ''ayaguasca'') and its rituals:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chantre Y Herrera |first=José |title=Historia de las misiones de la Compañía de Jesús en el Marañón español |publisher=Madrid: Imprenta de A. Avrial |year=1901}}</ref> <blockquote>"[...] In other nations, they set aside an entire night for divination. For this purpose, they select the most capable house in the vicinity because many people are expected to attend the event. The diviner hangs his bed in the middle and places an infernal potion, known as ayahuasca, by his side, which is particularly effective at altering one's senses. They prepare a brew from bitter vines or herbs, which, when boiled sufficiently, must become quite potent. Since it's so strong at altering one's judgment in small quantities, the precaution is not excessive, and it fits into two small pots. The witch doctor drinks a very small amount each time and knows well how many times he can sample the brew without losing his senses to properly conduct the ritual and lead the choir". </blockquote>Another report produced in 1737 by the missionary [[Pablo Maroni]], describes the use of a psychoactive liana called ayahuasca for divination in the [[Napo River]], Ecuador:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maroni |first=Pablo |title=Noticias auténticas del famoso Río Marañón y misión apostólica de la Compañía de Jesús de la Provincia de Quito en los dilatados bosques de dicho río, escribíalas por los años de 1738, un misionero de la misma compañía |publisher=Iquitos: Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP) |year=1988}}</ref> [[File:Ayahuasca and chacruna cocinando.jpg|thumb|right|Ayahuasca cooking]]<blockquote>"For divination, they use a beverage, some of [[Datura|white datura]] flowers, which they also call Campana due to its shape, and others from a vine commonly known as Ayahuasca, both highly effective at numbing the senses and even at taking one's life if taken in excess. They also occasionally use these substances for the treatment of common illnesses, especially headaches. So, the person who wants to divine drinks the chosen substance with certain rituals, and while deprived of their senses from the mouth downwards, to prevent the strength of the plant from harming them, they remain in this state for many hours and sometimes even two or three days until the effects run their course, and the intoxication subsides. After this, they reflect on what their imagination revealed, which occasionally remains with them for delirium. This is what they consider accomplished and propagate as an oracle." </blockquote>Latter reports were produced by Juan Magnin in 1740, describing ayahuasca use as a medicinal plant by the [[Jivaroan peoples]] (called ''ayahuessa'')<ref>{{Cite book |last=Magnin |first=Juan |title=Breve descripción de la provincia de Quito, en la América Meridional, y de sus missiones de Succumbíos de religiosos de S. Franc.º y de Maynas de PP. de la Comp.ª de Jhs, a las orillas del gran río Marañón, hecha para el mapa que se hizo el año 1740. |publisher=Sociedad Ecuatoriana de Investigaciones Históricas y Geográficas |year=1988}}</ref> and by [[Franz Xaver Veigl]] in 1768, that reports about several "dangerous plants", including a bitter liana used for [[precognition]] and sorcery.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Veigl |first1=Franz Xaver |title=Noticias detalladas sobre el estado de la provincia de Maynas en América meridional hasta el año de 1768 |last2=Gasché |first2=Jorge |last3=Veigl |first3=Franz Xaver |date=2006 |publisher=CETA |isbn=978-9972-2510-8-5 |edition=[Nachdr. der Ausg.] von 1785 |series=Monumenta Amazónica B |location=Iquitos}}</ref> All these reports were written in context of [[Jesuits|Jesuit missions]] in South America, specially the [[Mainas missions]],<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Brabec de Mori |first=Bernd |title=The Internationalization of Ayahuasca |year=2011 |chapter=Tracing Hallucinations – Contributing to a Critical Ethnohistory of Ayahuasca Usage in the Peruvian Amazon}}</ref> in [[Latin]] and sent only to Rome, so their audience wasn't very large and they were promptly lost in the archives. For this reason, ayahuasca didn't receive interest for the entire subsequent century.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-05 |title=1648–1768 – The First Written Reports of Ayahuasca Made by Jesuit Missionaries |url=https://ayahuasca-timeline.kahpi.net/ayahuasca-first-reports-jesuit-missionaries/ |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=Ayahuasca Timeline – From Mythic Origins to Global Popularity |language=en-US}}</ref>