Editing Avant-garde (section)

===Music===
{{Main|Avant-garde music}}
Avant-garde in music can refer to any form of music working within traditional structures while seeking to breach boundaries in some manner.<ref name="iha">David Nicholls (ed.), ''[[iarchive:cambridgehistory0000unse_p0r8|The Cambridge History of American Music]]'' (Cambridge and New York: [[Cambridge University Press]], 1998), 122–24. {{ISBN|0-521-45429-8}} {{ISBN|978-0-521-54554-9}}</ref> The term is used loosely to describe the work of any musicians who radically depart from tradition altogether.<ref name="Samson">Jim Samson, "Avant garde", ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by [[Stanley Sadie]] and [[John Tyrrell (professor of music)|John Tyrrell]] (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001).</ref> By this definition, some avant-garde composers of the 20th century include [[Arnold Schoenberg]],<ref name="Sitsky_xiv">Larry Sitsky, ''Music of the Twentieth-Century Avant-Garde: A Biocritical Sourcebook'' (Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2002), xiv. {{ISBN|0-313-29689-8}}.</ref> [[Richard Strauss]] (in his earliest work),<ref name="Sitsky_xiii">Larry Sitsky, ''Music of the Twentieth-Century Avant-Garde: A Biocritical Sourcebook'' (Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2002), xiii–xiv. {{ISBN|0-313-29689-8}}.</ref> [[Charles Ives]],<ref>Larry Sitsky, ''Music of the Twentieth-Century Avant-Garde: A Biocritical Sourcebook'' (Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2002), 222. {{ISBN|0-313-29689-8}}.</ref> [[Igor Stravinsky]],<ref name="Sitsky_xiv" /> [[Anton Webern]],<ref name="Sitsky_50">Larry Sitsky, ''Music of the Twentieth-Century Avant-Garde: A Biocritical Sourcebook'' (Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2002), 50. {{ISBN|0-313-29689-8}}.</ref>  [[Edgard Varèse]], [[Alban Berg]],<ref name="Sitsky_50" /> [[George Antheil]] (in his earliest works only), [[Henry Cowell]] (in his earliest works), [[Harry Partch]], [[John Cage]], [[Iannis Xenakis]],<ref name="Sitsky_xiv" /> [[Morton Feldman]], [[Karlheinz Stockhausen]],<ref>Elliot Schwartz, Barney Childs, and James Fox (eds.), ''Contemporary Composers on Contemporary Music'' (New York: Da Capo Press, 1998), 379. {{ISBN|0-306-80819-6}}</ref> [[Pauline Oliveros]],<ref name="Sitsky_xvii"/>  [[Philip Glass]], [[Meredith Monk]],<ref name="Sitsky_xvii">Larry Sitsky, ''Music of the Twentieth-Century Avant-Garde: A Biocritical Sourcebook'' (Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2002), xvii. {{ISBN|0-313-29689-8}}.</ref> [[Laurie Anderson]],<ref name="Sitsky_xvii"/> and [[Diamanda Galás]].<ref name="Sitsky_xvii"/>

There is another definition of "Avant-gardism" that distinguishes it from "modernism": Peter Bürger, for example, says avant-gardism rejects the "institution of art" and challenges social and artistic values, and so necessarily involves political, social, and cultural factors.<ref name="Samson" /> According to the composer and musicologist [[Larry Sitsky]], modernist composers from the early 20th century who do not qualify as avant-gardists include Arnold Schoenberg, Anton Webern, and Igor Stravinsky; later modernist composers who do not fall into the category of avant-gardists include [[Elliott Carter]], [[Milton Babbitt]], [[György Ligeti]], [[Witold Lutosławski]], and [[Luciano Berio]], since "their modernism was not conceived for the purpose of goading an audience."<ref name="Sitsky_xv">Larry Sitsky, ''Music of the Twentieth-Century Avant-Garde: A Biocritical Sourcebook'' (Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2002), xv. {{ISBN|0-313-29689-8}}.</ref>

The 1960s saw a wave of free and avant-garde music in [[jazz]] genre, embodied by artists such as [[Ornette Coleman]], [[Sun Ra]], [[Albert Ayler]], [[Archie Shepp]], [[John Coltrane]] and [[Miles Davis]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Avant-Garde Jazz Music Genre Overview|url=https://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/avant-garde-jazz-ma0000002438|access-date=16 March 2023|website=AllMusic|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Michael West|title=In the year jazz went avant-garde, Ramsey Lewis went pop with a bang|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/in-the-year-jazz-went-avant-garde-ramsey-lewis-went-pop-with-a-bang/2015/04/02/2484628c-cdb9-11e4-8a46-b1dc9be5a8ff_story.html|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=6 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906204831/https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/in-the-year-jazz-went-avant-garde-ramsey-lewis-went-pop-with-a-bang/2015/04/02/2484628c-cdb9-11e4-8a46-b1dc9be5a8ff_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the rock music of the 1970s, the [[art rock|"art" descriptor]] was generally understood to mean "aggressively avant-garde" or "pretentiously progressive".<ref name="ArtPunkMurray">{{cite web|last1=Murray|first1=Noel|title=60 minutes of music that sum up art-punk pioneers Wire|url=http://www.avclub.com/article/60-minutes-music-sum-art-punk-pioneers-wire-219113|website=[[The A.V. Club]]|date=28 May 2015|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=31 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031075059/http://www.avclub.com/article/60-minutes-music-sum-art-punk-pioneers-wire-219113|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Post-punk]] artists from the late 1970s rejected traditional rock sensibilities in favor of an avant-garde aesthetic.