Editing Autarky (section)

=== After World War II ===
Economic self-sufficiency was pursued as a goal by some members of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], such as [[India]] under [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nayar |first=Baldev Raj |date=1997 |title=Nationalist Planning for Autarky and State Hegemony: Development Strategy Under Nehru |journal=Indian Economic Review |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=13–38 |jstor=24010467}}</ref> and [[Tanzania]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malima |first=Kighoma A. |date=1979 |journal=Africa Development |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=37–56 |jstor=24498250 |title=Planning for Self-Reliance Tanzania's Third Five Year Development Plan}}</ref> under the ideology of [[Ujamaa]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=State Ideology and Language in Tanzania: Second and Revised Edition. |last=Jan. |first=Blommaert |date=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0748668267 |edition=2nd |location=Oxford |oclc=1024254210}}</ref> and [[Swadeshi movement|Swadeshi]]. That was partly an effort to escape the economic domination of both the United States and the Soviet Union while modernizing the countries' infrastructure.
In [[Economic history of Spain#Recovery_(1939-1958)|the case]] of [[Francoist Spain]], it was both the effect of international sanctions after the [[Spanish Civil War]] (1939) and [[Spain in World War II|the Second World War]] and the totalitarian [[Spanish nationalism|nationalist]] ideology of [[Falangism]].
Post-war famine and misery lasted longer than in war-ravaged Europe.
It was not until the capitalist reforms of 1950s with the approach to the United States that the [[Spanish economy]] recovered the levels of 1935 launching into the [[Spanish Miracle]].

In the latter half of the 20th century economists, especially in wealthier countries, backed the emerging [[Washington Consensus|Washington consensus]], overwhelmingly endorsing free trade while [[There is no alternative|discouraging]] autarkic and socialist policies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Krueger|first=Anne O.|date=2020|title=International Trade: What Everyone Needs to Know|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190900465.001.0001|journal=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/wentk/9780190900465.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-090046-5 }}</ref> These economists asserted that protectionism has a negative effect on economic growth and economic welfare while free trade and the reduction of [[Trade barrier|trade barriers]] has a positive effect on economic growth<ref name="See P 1994">See P.Krugman, «The Narrow and Broad Arguments for Free Trade», American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 83(3), 1993 ; and P.Krugman, Peddling Prosperity: Economic Sense and Nonsense in the Age of Diminished Expectations, New York, W.W. Norton & Company, 1994.</ref><ref name="IGMFreeTrade">{{Cite web|date=March 13, 2012|title=Free Trade|url=http://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/free-trade|publisher=IGM Forum|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>[[N. Gregory Mankiw]], [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/26/upshot/economists-actually-agree-on-this-point-the-wisdom-of-free-trade.html Economists Actually Agree on This: The Wisdom of Free Trade], ''New York Times'' (April 24, 2015): "Economists are famous for disagreeing with one another.... But economists reach near unanimity on some topics, including international trade."</ref><ref>[[William Poole (economist)|William Poole]], [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6958854.pdf Free Trade: Why Are Economists and Noneconomists So Far Apart], ''Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review'', September/October 2004, 86(5), pp. 1: "most observers agree that '[t]he consensus among mainstream economists on the desirability of free trade remains almost universal.'"</ref> and economic stability.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tenreyro|first1=Silvana|last2=Lisicky|first2=Milan|last3=Koren|first3=Miklós|last4=Caselli|first4=Francesco|year=2019|title=Diversification Through Trade|url=http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp1388.pdf|journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics|language=en|volume=135|pages=449–502|doi=10.1093/qje/qjz028}}</ref> But economists from many developing nations, or who came from [[Marxian economics|Marxian]] traditions, endorsed more autarkic ideas including [[import substitution industrialization]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Street|first1=James H.|last2=James|first2=Dilmus D.|date=September 1982|title=Institutionalism, Structuralism, and Dependency in Latin America|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00213624.1982.11504027|journal=Journal of Economic Issues|volume=16|issue=3|pages=673–689|doi=10.1080/00213624.1982.11504027|issn=0021-3624}}</ref> and [[dependency theory]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Angotti|first=Thomas|date=1981|title=The Political Implications of Dependency Theory|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2633475|journal=Latin American Perspectives|volume=8|issue=3/4|pages=124–137|doi=10.1177/0094582X8100800308 |jstor=2633475 |issn=0094-582X}}</ref> The work of [[Celso Furtado]], [[Raúl Prebisch|Raul Prebisch]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hadass|first1=Yael S.|last2=Williamson|first2=Jeffrey G.|date=2003|title=Terms-of-Trade Shocks and Economic Performance, 1870–1940: Prebisch and Singer Revisited|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/375259|journal=Economic Development and Cultural Change|volume=51|issue=3|pages=629–656|doi=10.1086/375259|jstor=10.1086/375259 |issn=0013-0079}}</ref> and [[Samir Amin]], especially Amin's semi-autarkic "autocentric" policies,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sica|first=Alan|date=1978|editor-last=Amin|editor-first=Samir|editor2-last=Pearce|editor2-first=Brian|title=Dependency in the World Economy|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2778266|journal=American Journal of Sociology|volume=84|issue=3|pages=728–739|doi=10.1086/226838 |jstor=2778266 |issn=0002-9602}}</ref> proved influential in efforts by many countries in Latin America, Asia and Africa to stave off economic domination by developing<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2014|editor-last=Brauch|editor-first=Hans Günter|editor2-last=Grimwood|editor2-first=Teri|title=Jonathan Dean|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06662-2|journal=SpringerBriefs on Pioneers in Science and Practice|volume=19 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-06662-2|isbn=978-3-319-06661-5 |issn=2194-3125}}</ref> more self-sufficient economies.

Small-scale autarkies were sometimes used by the [[Civil rights movement|Civil Rights Movement]], such as in the case of the [[Montgomery bus boycott|Montgomery Bus Boycott]]. Boycotters set up their own self-sufficient system of cheap or free transit to allow black residents to get to work and avoid using the then-segregated public systems in a successful effort to bring political pressure.

Autarkic efforts for [[food sovereignty]] also formed part of the civil rights movement. In the late 60s activist [[Fannie Lou Hamer]] was one of the founders of the [[Freedom Farm Cooperative|Freedom Farms Cooperative]], an effort<ref>{{Cite journal |last=White |first=Monica M. |title='A pig and a garden': Fannie Lou Hamer and the Freedom Farms Cooperative |url=https://www.academia.edu/31683953 |journal=[[Food and Foodways]] |year=2017 |volume=25 |issue=1 |page=20 |doi=10.1080/07409710.2017.1270647 |s2cid=157578821 |issn=0740-9710 |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-date=2017-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626164418/http://www.academia.edu/31683953/_A_pig_and_a_garden_Fannie_Lou_Hamer_and_the_Freedom_Farms_Cooperative |url-status=live }}</ref> to redistribute economic power and build self-sufficiency in Black communities. "When you've got 400 quarts of greens and gumbo soup canned for the winter, nobody can push you around or tell you what to say or do," Hamer summarized as the rationale for the cooperative. The efforts were extensively targeted<ref>{{Cite news |last=Edge |first=John T. |date=2017-05-06 |title=Opinion {{!}} The Hidden Radicalism of Southern Food |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/06/opinion/sunday/the-hidden-radicalism-of-southern-food.html |access-date=2020-11-11 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=2020-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112041027/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/06/opinion/sunday/the-hidden-radicalism-of-southern-food.html |url-status=live }}</ref> by [[Racial segregation|segregationist]] authorities and the far-right with measures ranging from economic pressure to outright violence.

After World War II, [[Autonomism|Autonomist efforts]] in Europe embraced local autarkic projects in an effort to craft anti-authoritarian left-wing spaces, especially influencing the [[social center]] and [[squatting|squatters]]' rights movements. Such efforts remain a common feature of Autonomist and anarchist movements on the continent today. The Micropolis social centre in Greece, for example, has gyms, restaurants, bars, meeting space and free distribution of food and resources.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Antifa: the anti-fascist handbook |last=Bray |first=Mark |isbn=978-1612197036 |location=Brooklyn, NY |oclc=984595655 |year=2017}}</ref>

Around 1970, the [[Black Panther Party]] moved away from orthodox communist internationalism towards "[[intercommunalism]]", a term coined by [[Huey P. Newton]], "to retain a grasp on the local when the rest of radical thought seemed to be moving global".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://libcom.org/library/huey-newton-introduces-revolutionary-intercommunalism-boston-college-november-18-1970|title=Huey Newton introduces Revolutionary Intercommunalism, Boston College, November 18 1970|website=libcom.org|access-date=2018-05-12|archive-date=2018-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919114310/https://libcom.org/library/huey-newton-introduces-revolutionary-intercommunalism-boston-college-november-18-1970|url-status=live}}</ref> Intercommunalism drew from left-wing autarkic projects like free medical clinics and breakfast programs, "explicitly articulated as attempts to fill a void left by the failure of the federal government to provide resources as basic as food to black communities".<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Havoc of Less |url=https://thenewinquiry.com/the-havoc-of-less/|date=2017-09-15 |work=The New Inquiry |access-date=2018-02-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206132434/https://thenewinquiry.com/the-havoc-of-less/ |archive-date=2018-02-06}}</ref>

In [[Murray Bookchin]]'s [[Communalism (Bookchin)|Communalist]] ideal, he wrote that in a more liberated future "every community would approximate local or regional autarky".<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Black Rose Press| isbn = 978-0-919618-47-3| last = Bookchin| first = Murray| title = Post-scarcity anarchism| location = Montreal| date = 1977| page=[https://archive.org/details/postscarcityanar0000book/page/138/mode/2up 138]}}</ref>

The influential 1983 anarchist book ''bolo'bolo'', by [[Hans Widmer]], advocated the use of autarky among its utopian anti-capitalist communes (known as ''bolos''), asserting "the power of the State is based on food supply. Only on the basis of a certain degree of autarky can the bolos enter into a network of exchange without being exploited".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gordon |first=Uri |title=Anarchy alive! Anti-Authoritarian Politics From Practice to Theory |date=2008 |publisher=[[Pluto Press]] |isbn=978-1849643672 |location=London |page=45 |oclc=664263431}}</ref>{{sfn|P. M.|2011|p=89}} Widmer theorized that through "tactical autarky"{{sfn|P. M.|2011|p=97}} such communes would be able to prevent the return of oppressive structures and a money economy.{{sfn|P. M.|2011|p=139}}

Autarkic efforts to counter the forcible privatization of public resources and maintain local self-sufficiency also formed a key part of [[alter-globalization]] efforts. The [[Cochabamba Water War]] had Bolivians successfully oppose the privatization of their water system to keep the resource in public hands.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Cochabamba!: Water War in Bolivia |first1=Oscar |last1=Olivera |date=2004 |publisher=[[South End Press]] |last2=Lewis |first2=Tom |isbn=978-0896087026 |location=Cambridge, MA |oclc=56194844 |url=https://archive.org/details/cochabambawaterw00osca}}</ref>