Editing Articulatory phonetics (section)

====Labial consonants====
{{main|Labial consonants}}
Articulations involving the lips can be made in three different ways: with both lips (bilabial), with one lip and the teeth (labiodental), and with the tongue and the upper lip (linguolabial).{{sfn|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=16}} Depending on the definition used, some or all of these kinds of articulations may be categorized into the class of [[Labial consonant|labial articulation]]s. Ladefoged and Maddieson (1996) propose that linguolabial articulations be considered coronals rather than labials, but make clear this grouping, like all groupings of articulations, is equivocal and not cleanly divided.{{sfn|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=43}} Linguolabials are included in this section as labials given their use of the lips as a place of articulation.<!--This decision is based on the intuition that readers looking for linguolabials are more likely to look under labials than coronals-->

[[Bilabial consonant]]s are made with both lips. In producing these sounds the lower lip moves farthest to meet the upper lip, which also moves down slightly,{{sfn|Maddieson|1993}} though in some cases the force from air moving through the aperture (opening between the lips) may cause the lips to separate faster than they can come together.{{sfn|Fujimura|1961}} Unlike most other articulations, both articulators are made from soft tissue, and so bilabial stops are more likely to be produced with incomplete closures than articulations involving hard surfaces like the teeth or palate. Bilabial stops are also unusual in that an articulator in the upper section of the vocal tract actively moves downwards, as the upper lip shows some active downward movement.{{sfn|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=16–17}}

[[Labiodental consonant]]s are made by the lower lip rising to the upper teeth. Labiodental consonants are most often [[fricative]]s while labiodental nasals are also typologically common.{{sfn|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=17–18}} There is debate as to whether true labiodental [[plosive]]s occur in any natural language,{{sfn|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=17}} though a number of languages are reported to have labiodental plosives including [[Zulu language|Zulu]],{{sfn|Doke|1926}} [[Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)|Tonga]],{{sfn|Guthrie|1948|p=61}} and [[Shubi language|Shubi]].{{sfn|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=17}} Labiodental [[affricate]]s are reported in [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]]{{sfn|Baumbach|1987}} which would require the stop portion of the affricate to be a labiodental stop, though Ladefoged and Maddieson (1996) raise the possibility that labiodental affricates involve a bilabial closure like "pf" in German. Unlike plosives and affricates, labiodental nasals are common across languages.{{sfn|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=17–18}}

[[Linguolabial consonant]]s are made with the blade of the tongue approaching or contacting the upper lip. Like in bilabial articulations, the upper lip moves slightly towards the more active articulator. Articulations in this group do not have their own symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet, rather, they are formed by combining an apical symbol with a diacritic implicitly placing them in the coronal category.{{sfn|International Phonetic Association|2015}}{{sfn|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=18}} They exist in a number of languages indigenous to [[Vanuatu]] such as [[Tangoa language|Tangoa]], though early descriptions referred to them as apical-labial consonants. The name "linguolabial" was suggested by [[Floyd Lounsbury]] given that they are produced with the blade rather than the tip of the tongue.{{sfn|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=18}}