Editing Arteriovenous malformation (section)

==Diagnosis==
[[File:PleftkidneyAVM1.png|thumb|An arterial venous malformation of the left kidney and a simple cyst of the right kidney]]
[[File:PleftkidneyAVM2.png|thumb|An arterial venous malformation of the left kidney leading to [[aneurysm]]al dilatation of the left [[renal vein]] and [[inferior vena cava]]]]

AVMs are diagnosed primarily by the following [[Medical imaging|imaging]] methods:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mokin |first1=Maxim |title=Novel Multimodality Imaging Techniques for Diagnosis and Evaluation of Arteriovenous Malformations |journal=Neurologic Clinics |date=February 2014 |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=225–236 |doi=10.1016/j.ncl.2013.07.006 |pmid=24287392 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0733861913000893 |access-date=February 11, 2023}}</ref>
* [[Computed tomography]] (CT) scan is a noninvasive X-ray to view the anatomical structures within the brain to detect blood in or around the brain. A newer technology called [[CT angiography]] involves the injection of [[Radiocontrast agent|contrast]] into the blood stream to view the arteries of the brain. This type of test provides the best pictures of blood vessels through angiography and soft tissues through CT.
* [[Magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI) scan is a noninvasive test, which uses a magnetic field and radio-frequency waves to give a detailed view of the soft tissues of the brain.
* [[Magnetic resonance angiography]] (MRA) – scans created using magnetic resonance imaging to specifically image the blood vessels and structures of the brain. A magnetic resonance angiogram can be an invasive procedure, involving the introduction of contrast dyes (e.g., [[gadolinium]] MR [[contrast agent]]s) into the vasculature (circulatory system) of a patient using a [[catheter]] inserted into an artery and passed through the blood vessels to the brain. Once the catheter is in place, the contrast dye is injected into the bloodstream and the MR images are taken. Additionally or alternatively, flow-dependent or other contrast-free magnetic resonance imaging techniques can be used to determine the location and other properties of the vasculature.

AVMs can occur in various parts of the body:
* [[human brain|brain]] ([[Cerebral arteriovenous malformation|cerebral AV malformation]])
* [[spleen]]<ref name="pmid17145440">{{cite journal |last1=Agrawal |first1=Aditya |last2=Whitehouse |first2=Richard |last3=Johnson |first3=Robert W. |last4=Augustine |first4=Titus |title=Giant splenic artery aneurysm associated with arteriovenous malformation |journal=Journal of Vascular Surgery |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=1345–9 |year=2006 |pmid=17145440 |doi=10.1016/j.jvs.2006.06.049 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* [[human lung|lung]]<ref name="pmid18294908">{{cite journal |last1=Chowdhury |first1=Ujjwal K. |last2=Kothari |first2=Shyam S. |last3=Bishnoi |first3=Arvind K. |last4=Gupta |first4=Ruchika |last5=Mittal |first5=Chander M. |last6=Reddy |first6=Srikrishna |title=Successful Lobectomy for Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation Causing Recurrent Massive Haemoptysis |journal=Heart, Lung and Circulation |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=135–9 |year=2009 |pmid=18294908 |doi=10.1016/j.hlc.2007.11.142 }}</ref><ref name="dupeRef1">{{Cite journal|last1=Cusumano|first1=Lucas R.|last2=Duckwiler|first2=Gary R.|last3=Roberts|first3=Dustin G.|last4=McWilliams|first4=Justin P.|date=2019-08-30|title=Treatment of Recurrent Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations: Comparison of Proximal Versus Distal Embolization Technique|journal=CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology|volume=43|issue=1|pages=29–36|doi=10.1007/s00270-019-02328-0|issn=1432-086X|pmid=31471718|s2cid=201675132}}</ref>
* [[kidney]]<ref name="pmid16794894">{{cite journal |last1=Barley |first1=Fay L. |last2=Kessel |first2=David |last3=Nicholson |first3=Tony |last4=Robertson |first4=Iain |title=Selective Embolization of Large Symptomatic Iatrogenic Renal Transplant Arteriovenous Fistula |journal=CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1084–7 |year=2006 |pmid=16794894 |doi=10.1007/s00270-005-0265-z |s2cid=9335750 }}</ref>
* [[spinal cord]]<ref name="pmid15730991">{{cite journal |last1=Kishi |first1=K |last2=Shirai |first2=S |last3=Sonomura |first3=T |last4=Sato |first4=M |title=Selective conformal radiotherapy for arteriovenous malformation involving the spinal cord |journal=The British Journal of Radiology |volume=78 |issue=927 |pages=252–4 |year=2005 |pmid=15730991 |doi=10.1259/bjr/50653404 }}</ref>
* [[liver]]<ref name="pmid7650340">{{cite journal |last1=Bauer |first1=Tilman |last2=Britton |first2=Peter |last3=Lomas |first3=David |last4=Wight |first4=Derek G.D. |last5=Friend |first5=Peter J. |last6=Alexander |first6=Graeme J.M. |title=Liver transplantation for hepatic arteriovenous malformation in hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia |journal=Journal of Hepatology |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=586–90 |year=1995 |pmid=7650340 |doi=10.1016/0168-8278(95)80455-2 }}</ref>
* [[intercostal space]]<ref name="pmid17056881">{{cite journal |last1=Rivera |first1=Peter P. |last2=Kole |first2=Max K. |last3=Pelz |first3=David M. |last4=Gulka |first4=Irene B. |last5=McKenzie |first5=F. Neil |last6=Lownie |first6=Stephen P. |title=Congenital Intercostal Arteriovenous Malformation |journal=American Journal of Roentgenology |volume=187 |issue=5 |pages=W503–6 |year=2006 |pmid=17056881 |doi=10.2214/AJR.05.0367 }}</ref>
* [[Iris (anatomy)|iris]]<ref name="pmid16534057">{{cite journal |last1=Shields |first1=Jerry A. |last2=Streicher |first2=Theodor F. E. |last3=Spirkova |first3=Jane H. J. |last4=Stubna |first4=Michal |last5=Shields |first5=Carol L. |title=Arteriovenous Malformation of the Iris in 14 Cases |journal=Archives of Ophthalmology |volume=124 |issue=3 |pages=370–5 |year=2006 |pmid=16534057 |doi=10.1001/archopht.124.3.370 |doi-access= }}</ref>
* [[spermatic cord]]<ref name="pmid17939869">{{cite journal |last1=Sountoulides |first1=Petros |last2=Bantis |first2=Athanasios |last3=Asouhidou |first3=Irene |last4=Aggelonidou |first4=Hellen |title=Arteriovenous malformation of the spermatic cord as the cause of acute scrotal pain: a case report |journal=Journal of Medical Case Reports |volume=1 |pages=110 |year=2007 |pmid=17939869 |pmc=2194703 |doi=10.1186/1752-1947-1-110 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* extremities – arm, shoulder, etc.

AVMs may occur in isolation or as a part of another disease (for example, [[Sturge-Weber syndrome]] or [[hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia]]).<ref name="National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke 2024 s064">{{cite web | title=Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs) | website=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, [[NIH]] | date=February 22, 2024 | url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/arteriovenous-malformations-avms | access-date=March 30, 2024}}</ref>

AVMs have been shown to be associated with [[aortic stenosis]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Batur |first1=Pelin |last2=Stewart |first2=William J. |last3=Isaacson |first3=J. Harry |title=Increased Prevalence of Aortic Stenosis in Patients With Arteriovenous Malformations of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Heyde Syndrome |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |volume=163 |issue=15 |pages=1821–4 |year=2003 |pmid=12912718 |doi=10.1001/archinte.163.15.1821 |doi-access= }}</ref>

Bleeding from an AVM can be relatively mild or devastating. It can cause severe and less often fatal [[stroke]]s.<ref name="NINDS" />