Editing Arrangement (section)

==== Songs ====
A number of [[Franz Schubert]]'s songs, originally for voice with piano accompaniment, were arranged by other composers. For example, his "highly charged" and "graphic" song "[[Erlkönig (Schubert)|Erlkönig]]" ("The Erl King") has a piano introduction that conveys "unflagging energy" from the start.<ref>Newbould, B. (1997, p. 57) ''Schubert: the Music and the Man''. London, Gollancz.</ref>[[File:Schubert Erl King piano introduction 01.wav|thumb|Schubert "Erlkönig", piano introduction]] [[File:Schubert - Erlkönig - M. 1-5.svg|thumb|center|500px|Schubert "Erlkönig", piano introduction]]

The arrangement of this song by [[Hector Berlioz]] uses strings to convey faithfully the driving urgency and threatening atmosphere of the original.[[File:Erl King - Berlioz version for audio replacement.wav|thumb|"Erlkönig", arrangement by Berlioz]] [[File:Erlkonig, arrangement by Berlioz 02.png|thumb|center|500px]]

Berlioz adds colour in bars'' ''6–8 through the addition of [[Woodwind instrument|woodwind]], [[Horn (instrument)|horns]], and a [[timpani]]. With typical flamboyance, Berlioz adds spice to the harmony in bar'' ''6 with an E'' ''flat in the horn part, creating a [[half-diminished seventh chord]] which is not in Schubert's original piano part.[[File:Erlkonig, arrangement by Berlioz 03.png|thumb|center|500px|"Erlkönig", arrangement by Berlioz]]

There are subtle differences between this and the arrangement of the song by [[Franz Liszt]]. The upper string sound is thicker, with violins and [[Viola|violas]] playing the fierce repeated [[Octave|octaves]] in [[unison]] and [[bassoons]] compensating for this by [[Voicing (music)#doubling|doubling]] the [[cellos]] and [[Bass guitar|basses]]. There are no timpani, but [[trumpets]] and horns add a small jolt to the rhythm of the opening bar, reinforcing the bare octaves of the [[String (music)|strings]] by playing on the second main beat.[[File:Erl King - arrangement by Liszt opening bars 01.wav|thumb|Erl King - arrangement by Liszt opening bars]] [[File:Erl King - arrangement by Liszt opening bars 02.png|thumb|center|500px|Erl King – arrangement by Liszt, bars'' ''1–4]]

Unlike Berlioz, Liszt does not alter the harmony, but changes the emphasis somewhat in bar'' ''6, with the note A in the [[Oboe|oboes]] and [[Clarinet|clarinets]] grating against rather than blending with the G in the strings.[[File:Erl King - arrangement by Liszt bars 5-8.png|thumb|center|500px|Erl King – arrangement by Liszt, bars'' ''5–8]]

"Schubert has come in for his fair share of transcriptions and arrangements. Most, like Liszt's transcriptions of the [[Lied]]er or Berlioz's orchestration for ''Erlkönig'', tell us more about the arranger that about the original composer, but they can be diverting so long as they are in no way a replacement for the original".<ref>Newbould, B. (1997, p. 467) ''Schubert: the Music and the Man''. London, Gollancz.</ref>

[[Gustav Mahler]]'s ''[[Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen]]'' ("Songs of a Wayfarer") were originally written for voice with piano accompaniment. The composer's later arrangement of the piano part shows a typical ear for clarity and transparency in rewriting for an ensemble. Below is the original piano version of the closing bars of the second song, "Gieng heit' Morgen über's Feld".[[File:Mahler Gieng heut' Morgen uber's feld final bars piano version for audio 01.wav|thumb|Mahler Gieng heut' Morgen uber's feld final bars of the piano version]] [[File:Mahler Gieng heut' Morgen uber's feld final bars of the piano version.png|thumb|center|500px|Mahler "Gieng heut' Morgen uber's feld", final bars of the piano version]]

The orchestration shows Mahler's attention to detail in bringing out differentiated orchestral [[Timbre|colours]] supplied by woodwind, strings and horn. He uses a [[harp]] to convey the original [[arpeggio]]s supplied by the left hand of the piano part. He also extracts a descending [[chromatic]] melodic line, implied by the left hand in bars'' ''2–4 (above), and gives it to the horn.[[File:Mahler Gieng heut' Morgen uber's feld final bars of the orcherstral arrangement.wav|thumb|Mahler Gieng heut' Morgen uber's feld final bars of the orchestral arrangement]] [[File:Mahler Gieng heut' Morgen uber's feld final bars of the orchestral arrangement.png|thumb|center|500px|Mahler "Gieng heut' Morgen uber's feld", final bars of the orchestral arrangement]]