Editing Arnold Schoenberg (section)

===Development of the twelve-tone method===
[[File:Arnold Schönberg,Schoenberg (1874-1951) Joods-Duits-Amerikaanse expressionistisch componist, SFA022004266.jpg|thumb|Schoenberg and [[Alma Mahler]], the widow of [[Gustav Mahler]], in 1920]]
Later, Schoenberg was to develop the most influential version of the dodecaphonic (also known as [[Twelve-tone technique|twelve-tone]]) method of composition, which in French and English was given the alternative name [[serialism]] by [[René Leibowitz]] and [[Humphrey Searle]] in 1947. This technique was taken up by many of his students, who constituted the so-called [[Second Viennese School]]. They included [[Anton Webern]], [[Alban Berg]], and [[Hanns Eisler]], all of whom were profoundly influenced by Schoenberg. He published a number of books, ranging from his famous ''Harmonielehre'' (''Theory of Harmony'') to ''Fundamentals of Musical Composition'',{{sfn|Schoenberg|1967}} many of which are still in print and used by musicians and developing composers.

Schoenberg viewed his development as a natural progression, and he did not deprecate his earlier works when he ventured into serialism. In 1923 he wrote to the Swiss philanthropist [[Werner Reinhart]]:

<blockquote>For the present, it matters more to me if people understand my older works ... They are the natural forerunners of my later works, and only those who understand and comprehend these will be able to gain an understanding of the later works that goes beyond a fashionable bare minimum. I do not attach so much importance to being a musical bogey-man as to being a natural continuer of properly-understood good old tradition!{{sfn|Stein|1987|p=100}}<ref>quoted in {{harvtxt|Strimple|2005|p=22}}</ref></blockquote>

His first wife died in October 1923, and in August of the next year Schoenberg married [[Gertrud Schoenberg|Gertrud Kolisch]] (1898–1967), sister of his pupil, the violinist [[Rudolf Kolisch]].{{sfn|Neighbour|2001}}{{sfn|Silverman|2010|p=223}} They had three children: Nuria Dorothea (born 1932), Ronald Rudolf (born 1937), and Lawrence Adam (born 1941). Gertrude Kolisch Schoenberg wrote the libretto for Schoenberg's one-act opera ''[[Von heute auf morgen]]'' under the pseudonym Max Blonda. At her request Schoenberg's (ultimately unfinished) piece, ''[[Die Jakobsleiter]]'' was prepared for performance by Schoenberg's student [[Winfried Zillig]]. After her husband's death in 1951 she founded Belmont Music Publishers devoted to the publication of his works.{{sfn|Shoaf|1992|p=64}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Loftus |first=Alex |date=2025-01-14 |title=Arnold Schoenberg: Composer's vast archive destroyed in LA fires |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c23n891j0mvo |access-date=2025-01-15 |work=BBC News |language=en-gb}}</ref> Arnold used the notes G and E{{music|b}} (German: Es, i.e., "S") for "Gertrud Schoenberg", in the ''Suite'', for septet, Op.&nbsp;29 (1925).{{sfn|MacDonald|2008|p=216}} (see [[musical cryptogram]]).

Following the death in 1924 of composer [[Ferruccio Busoni]], who had served as Director of a Master Class in Composition at the [[Prussian Academy of Arts]] in Berlin, Schoenberg was appointed to this post the next year, but because of health problems was unable to take up his post until 1926. Among his notable students during this period were the composers Robert Gerhard, [[Nikos Skalkottas]], and [[Josef Rufer]].

Along with his twelve-tone works, 1930 marks Schoenberg's return to tonality, with numbers 4 and 6 of the Six Pieces for Male Chorus Op.&nbsp;35, the other pieces being dodecaphonic.{{sfn|Auner|1999|p=85}}