Editing Araceae (section)

===Classification===
One of the earliest observations of species in the Araceae was conducted by [[Theophrastus]] in his work ''[[Enquiry into Plants]]''.<ref name=Aroids>{{cite book|last=Bown|first=Deni|title=Aroids: plants of the Arum family|year=2000|publisher=Timber Press|isbn=0881924857|page=46|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vIbwAAAAMAAJ&q=Araceae+Enquiry+into+Plants}}</ref>  The Araceae were not recognized as a distinct group of plants until the 16th century. In 1789, [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu]] classified all climbing aroids as ''Pothos'' and all terrestrial aroids as either ''Arum'' or ''Dracontium'' in his book ''Familles des Plantes''.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}

The first major system of classification for the family was produced by [[Heinrich Wilhelm Schott]], who published ''Genera Aroidearum'' in 1858 and ''Prodromus Systematis Aroidearum'' in 1860. Schott's system was based on floral characteristics, and used a narrow conception of a genus. [[Adolf Engler]] produced a classification in 1876, which was steadily refined up to 1920. His system is significantly different from Schott's, being based more on vegetative characters and anatomy. The two systems were to some extent rivals, with Engler's having more adherents before the advent of [[molecular phylogenetics]] brought new approaches.<ref name=Gray90>{{Citation |last=Grayum |first=Michael H. |year=1990 |title=Evolution and Phylogeny of the Araceae |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=628–697 |doi=10.2307/2399668 |jstor=2399668 }}</ref>

A comprehensive taxonomy of Araceae was published by Mayo et al. in 1997.<ref name="Mayo 1997">{{cite book | last=Mayo | first=S. J. | last2=Bogner | first2=J. | last3=Boyce | first3=P. C.| title=The genera of Araceae | publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew | publication-place=London | date=1997 | isbn=1-900347-22-9 | oclc=60140655}}</ref>

Modern studies based on gene sequences show the Araceae (including the [[Lemnoideae]], duckweeds) to be [[monophyletic]], and the first diverging group within the [[Alismatales]].<ref name=APweb_Araceae>{{Cite web |last=Stevens |first=P.F.  |title=Araceae|work=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website |url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/alismatalesweb.htm#Araceae }}</ref> The [[APG III system]] of 2009 recognizes the family, including the genera formerly segregated in the Lemnaceae.<ref name=APG3>{{Cite journal|last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III|year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The sinking of the Lemnaceae into the Araceae was not immediately universally accepted. For example, the 2010 ''New Flora of the British Isles'' used a [[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]] Araceae and a separate Lemnaceae.<ref name=Stace3>{{Citation |last=Stace |first=C.A. |author-link = Clive Stace |year=2010 |title=New Flora of the British Isles |edition=Third |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-70772-5 }} pp. 830–834.</ref> However ''Lemna'' and its allies were incorporated in Araceae in the 2019 edition.<ref name=Stace4>{{cite book|last=Stace|first=C. A.|author-link = Stace, C. A.|year=2019|title=New Flora of the British Isles|edition=Fourth|publisher=C & M Floristics|location = Middlewood Green, Suffolk, U.K.| isbn=978-1-5272-2630-2}}</ref>{{rp|872}} A comprehensive [[genomic]] study of ''[[Spirodela polyrhiza]]'' was published in February 2014.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=W.|last2=Haberer|first2=G.|last3=Gundlach|first3=H.|last4=Gläßer|first4=C.|last5=Nussbaumer|first5=T.|last6=Luo|first6=M. C.|last7=Lomsadze|first7=A.|last8=Borodovsky|first8=M.|last9=Kerstetter|first9=R. A.|last10=Shanklin|first10=J.|last11=Byrant|first11=D. W.|last12=Mockler|first12=T. C.|last13=Appenroth|first13=K. J.|last14=Grimwood|first14=J.|last15=Jenkins|first15=J.|last16=Chow|first16=J.|last17=Choi|first17=C.|last18=Adam|first18=C.|last19=Cao|first19=X.-H.|last20=Fuchs|first20=J.|last21=Schubert|first21=I.|last22=Rokhsar|first22=D.|last23=Schmutz|first23=J.|last24=Michael|first24=T. P.|last25=Mayer|first25=K. F. X.|last26=Messing|first26=J|title=The ''Spirodela polyrhiza'' genome reveals insights into its neotenous reduction fast growth and aquatic lifestyle|journal=Nature Communications|date=2014|volume=5|page=3311|doi=10.1038/ncomms4311|pmid=24548928|pmc=3948053|bibcode=2014NatCo...5.3311W}}</ref>