Editing Arabic alphabet (section)

===Letter forms===
{{Calligraphy}}
The Arabic alphabet is always cursive and letters vary in shape depending on their position within a word. Letters can exhibit up to four distinct forms corresponding to an initial, medial (middle), final, or isolated position ([[IMFI]]). While some letters show considerable variations, others remain almost identical across all four positions. Generally, letters in the same word are linked together on both sides by short horizontal lines, but six letters ({{lang|ar|و ,ز ,ر ,ذ ,د ,ا}}) can only be linked to their preceding letter. In addition, some letter combinations are written as [[ligature (typography)|ligatures]] (special shapes), notably {{transliteration|ar|[[lām-alif]]}} {{lang|ar|لا}},<ref>{{cite book |title=Writing Systems: A Linguistic Approach |author=Rogers, Henry |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |year=2005 |page=135}}</ref> which is the only mandatory ligature (the unligated combination {{lang|ar|ل&#x200D;ا}} is considered difficult to read).

====Table of basic letters====
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Arabic letters usage in Literary Arabic
|-
!colspan="2"|Abjadi Order
! rowspan="2" |[[Romanization of Arabic|Romanization]]{{efn|name=romanization|The romanization depends on each system or country; for example {{lang|ar|ج}} is romanized to {{lang|en|G}} in Egypt and {{lang|en|J}} in most other Arabic countries.}}
! rowspan="2" |Letter <br/> name in [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
!rowspan="2"|Letter <br/> name in Arabic script{{efn|name=names|The Arabic letter names below are the standard and most universally used names, other names (e.g. letter names in Egypt) might be used instead.}}
!rowspan="2"|Value in Literary Arabic ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]])
!colspan="3"|Contextual forms
!rowspan="2"|Isolated <br/> form
! rowspan="2" |Hija'i
Order
|-
!Maghreb 
!Common 
!Final
!Medial
!Initial
|-
! 
! 
! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! &nbsp;<!-- separate row for sort icons -->!!
|-
| data-sort-value="01." |1
| data-sort-value="01." |1
|{{transliteration|ar|ISO|ʾ}} / {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ʔ}}, {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ā}}{{efn|name=alif|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|Alif}} can represent different phonemes; initially: a/i/u /a, i, u/ or sometimes silent in the definite article ال (a)l-. Medially and finally it represents a long vowel ā /aː/. It is also used in some hamzah /ʔ/ forms, check [[#Hamzah forms]]}}
| {{IPA|ar|ʔalif|}}
|{{lang|ar|أَلِف}}
|{{IPAslink|ʔ}}, {{IPAslink|aː}}{{efn|name=alif|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|Alif}} can represent different phonemes; initially: a/i/u /a, i, u/ or sometimes silent in the definite article ال (a)l-. Medially and finally it represents a long vowel ā /aː/. It is also used in some hamzah /ʔ/ forms, check [[#Hamzah forms]]}}
| colspan="2" |{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـا}}}}
| colspan="2" |{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ا]]}}}}
| data-sort-value="01." |1
|-
| data-sort-value="02." |2
| data-sort-value="02." |2
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|b}}
|{{IPA|ar|baːʔ|}} 
|{{lang|ar|بَاء}}
|{{IPAslink|b}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـب}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـبـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|بـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ب]]}}}}
| data-sort-value="02." |2
|-
|22
|22
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|t}}
|{{IPA|ar|taːʔ|}}
|{{lang|ar|تَاء}}
|{{IPAslink|t}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـت}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـتـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|تـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ت]]}}}}
| data-sort-value="03." |3
|-
|23
|23
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ṯ}} / {{transliteration|ar|ALA|th}}
|{{IPA|ar|θaːʔ|}}
|{{lang|ar|ثَاء}}
|{{IPAslink|θ}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـث}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـثـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ثـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ث]]}}}}
| data-sort-value="04." |4
|-
| data-sort-value="03." |3
| data-sort-value="03." |3
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|j}}
|{{IPA|ar|d͡ʒiːm|}}
|{{lang|ar|جِيم}}
|{{IPAslink|d͡ʒ}}{{efn|When speaking Modern Standard Arabic (الفصحى al-Fuṣḥā) the {{lang|ar|ج}} pronunciation varies regionally, most prominently [d͡ʒ] in most of the Arabian Peninsula, parts of the Levant, parts of Egypt (especially the countryside and upper Egypt), Iraq, and northern-central Algeria, it is also considered as the predominant pronunciation of Literary Arabic when reciting the Quran and in Arabic studies outside the Arab world, [ʒ] in most of Northwest Africa and parts of the Levant (especially urban centers) and parts of the Arabian Peninsula, while [ɡ] is the standard pronunciation only in Egypt, ([ɡ] appears as a dialectal pronunciation in coastal Yemen, and coastal Oman), as well as [ɟ] in Sudan.}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـج}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـجـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|جـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ج]]}}}}
| data-sort-value="05." |5
|-
| data-sort-value="08." |8
| data-sort-value="08." |8
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḥ}}
|{{IPA|ar|ħaːʔ|}}
|{{lang|ar|حَاء}}
|{{IPAslink|ħ}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـح}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـحـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|حـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ح]]}}}}
| data-sort-value="06." |6
|-
|24
|24
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḵ}} / {{transliteration|ar|ALA|kh}}
|{{IPA|ar|xaːʔ|}}
|{{lang|ar|خَاء}}
|{{IPAslink|x}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـخ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـخـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|خـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[خ]]}}}}
| data-sort-value="07." |7
|-
| data-sort-value="04." |4
| data-sort-value="04." |4
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|d}}
|{{IPA|ar|daːl|}}
|{{lang|ar|دَال}}
|{{IPAslink|d}}
| colspan="2" |{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـد}}}}
| colspan="2" |{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[د]]}}}}
| data-sort-value="08." |8
|-
|25
|25
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḏ}} / {{transliteration|ar|ALA|dh}}
|{{IPA|ar|ðaːl|}}
|{{lang|ar|ذَال}}
|{{IPAslink|ð}}
| colspan="2" |{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـذ}}}}
| colspan="2" |{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ذ]]}}}}
| data-sort-value="09." |9
|-
|20
|20
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|r}}
|{{IPA|ar|raːʔ|}}
|{{lang|ar|رَاء}}
|{{IPAslink|r}}
| colspan="2" |{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـر}}}}
| colspan="2" |{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ر]]}}}}
|10
|-
| data-sort-value="07." |7
| data-sort-value="07." |7
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|z}}
|{{IPA|ar|zaːj|}}
|{{lang|ar|زَاي}} {{efn|name=zāy names|{{lang|ar|ز}} the standard name of the letter is zāy {{lang|ar|زاي}} but it is sometimes miscalled "zayn"  {{lang|ar|زين}}.}}
|{{IPAslink|z}}
| colspan="2" |{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـز}}}}
| colspan="2" |{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ز]]}}}}
|11
|-
|21
|15
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|s}}
|{{IPA|ar|siːn|}}
|{{lang|ar|سِين}}
|{{IPAslink|s}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـس}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـسـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|سـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[س]]}}}}
|12
|-
|28
|21
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|š}} / {{transliteration|ar|ALA|sh}}
|{{IPA|ar|ʃiːn|}}
|{{lang|ar|شِين}}
|{{IPAslink|ʃ}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـش}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـشـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|شـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ش]]}}}}
|13
|-
|15
|18
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ṣ}}
|{{IPA|ar|sˤaːd|}}
|{{lang|ar|صَاد}}
|{{IPAslink|sˤ}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـص}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـصـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|صـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ص]]}}}}
|14
|-
|18
|26
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḍ}}
|{{IPA|ar|dˤaːd|}}
|{{lang|ar|ضَاد}}
|{{IPAslink|dˤ}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـض}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـضـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ضـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ض]]}}}}
|15
|-
| data-sort-value="09." |9
| data-sort-value="09." |9
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ṭ}}
|{{IPA|ar|tˤaːʔ|}}
|{{lang|ar|طَاء}}
|{{IPAslink|tˤ}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـط}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـطـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|طـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ط]]}}}}
|16
|-
|26
|27
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ẓ}} 
|{{IPA|ar|ðˤaːʔ|}}
|{{lang|ar|ظَاء}}
|{{IPAslink|ðˤ}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـظ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـظـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ظـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ظ]]}}}}
|17
|-
|16
|16
|{{Ayn}} / {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ʕ}}
|{{IPA|ar|ʕajn|}}
|{{lang|ar|عَيْن}}
|{{IPAslink|ʕ}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـع}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـعـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|عـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ع]]}}}}
|18
|-
|27
|28
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḡ}} / {{transliteration|ar|ALA|gh}}
|{{IPA|ar|ɣajn|}}
|{{lang|ar|غَيْن}}
| {{IPAslink|ɣ}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـغ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـغـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|غـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[غ]]}}}}
|19
|-
|17
|17
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|f}}
|{{IPA|ar|faːʔ|}}
|{{lang|ar|فَاء}}
|{{IPAslink|f}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـف}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـفـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|فـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ف]]}}}}
|20
|-
|19
|19
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|q}}
|{{IPA|ar|qaːf|}}
|{{lang|ar|قَاف}}
|{{IPAslink|q}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـق}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـقـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|قـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ق]]}}}}
|21
|-
|11
|11
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|k}}
|{{IPA|ar|kaːf|}}
|{{lang|ar|كَاف}}
|{{IPAslink|k}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـك}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـكـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|كـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ك]]}}}}
|22
|-
|12
|12
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|l}}
|{{IPA|ar|laːm|}}
|{{lang|ar|لاَم}}
|{{IPAslink|l}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـل}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـلـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|لـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ل]]}}}}
|23
|-
|13
|13
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|m}}
|{{IPA|ar|miːm|}}
|{{lang|ar|مِيم}}
|{{IPAslink|m}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـم}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـمـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|مـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[م]]}}}}
|24
|-
|14
|14
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|n}}
|{{IPA|ar|nuːn|}}
|{{lang|ar|نُون}}
|{{IPAslink|n}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـن}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـنـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|نـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ن]]}}}}
|25
|-
| data-sort-value="05." |5
| data-sort-value="05." |5
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|h}} 
|{{IPA|ar|haːʔ|}}
|{{lang|ar|هَاء}}
|{{IPAslink|h}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـه{{lrm}}}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـهـ{{lrm}}{{lrm}}}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|هـ{{lrm}}}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ﻩ]]}}}}{{efn|In certain contexts such as serial numbers and license plates the initial form is used to prevent confusion with the western number zero or Eastern Arabic Numeral for 5(٥). It's also worth mentioning that the initial form هـ is usually used when writing the letter separately, rather than using the isolated form ه.}}
|26
|-
| data-sort-value="06." |6
| data-sort-value="06." |6
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|w}}, {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ū}}
|{{IPA|ar|waːw|}}
|{{lang|ar|وَاو}}
|{{IPAslink|w}}, {{IPAslink|uː}}{{efn|name=vowels|The letters ⟨[[و]]⟩ and ⟨[[ي]]⟩ are used to transcribe the vowels {{IPAslink|oː}} and {{IPAslink|eː}} respectively in loanwords and dialects. ⟨[[و]]⟩ also appears as a silent letter in the name عمرو Amr /ʕamr/ which is sometimes romanized wrongly as Amro or Amru.}}
| colspan="2" |{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـو}}}}
| colspan="2" |{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[و]]}}}}
|27
|-
|10
|10
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|y}}, {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ī}}
|{{IPA|ar|jaːʔ|}}
|{{lang|ar|يَاء}}
|{{IPAslink|j}}, {{IPAslink|iː}}{{efn|name=vowels|The letters ⟨[[و]]⟩ and ⟨[[ي]]⟩ are used to transcribe the vowels {{IPAslink|oː}} and {{IPAslink|eː}} respectively in loanwords and dialects. ⟨[[و]]⟩ also appears as a silent letter in the name عمرو Amr /ʕamr/ which is sometimes romanized wrongly as Amro or Amru.}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـي}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـيـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|يـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ي]]}}}}{{efn|name=regional-variation|in Egypt and Sudan, the yā’ ي is dotless in the isolated and final position, merging with the ʾalif maqṣūrah ى.}}
|28
|-
! colspan="11" |
|-
| -
| -
|ʾ / {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ʔ}}
|{{IPA|ar|hamza(h)|}}
|{{lang|ar|هَمْزة}}
|{{IPAslink|ʔ}}
| colspan="4" |<sub>{{huge|{{lang|ar|[[ء]]}}}}</sub>
(used in medial and final positions as an unlinked letter)
| -{{efn|can be considered a letter and plays an important role in Arabic spelling but not considered part of the alphabet.}}
|}

'''Notes'''

{{notelist}}
* See the article ''[[Romanization of Arabic]]'' for details on various transliteration schemes. Arabic language speakers may usually not follow a standardized scheme when transcribing words or names. Some Arabic letters which do not have an equivalent in English (such as ط) are often spelled as numbers when Romanized. Also names are regularly transcribed as pronounced locally, not as pronounced in [[Modern Standard Arabic|Literary Arabic]] (if they were of Arabic origin).
* Regarding pronunciation, the phonemic values given are those of Modern Standard Arabic, which is taught in schools and universities. In practice, pronunciation may vary considerably from region to region. For more details concerning the pronunciation of Arabic, consult the articles ''[[Arabic phonology]]'' and ''[[varieties of Arabic]]''.
* The names of the Arabic letters can be thought of as abstractions of an older version where they were meaningful words in the [[Proto-Semitic]] language. 
* Six letters ({{lang|ar|و ز ر ذ د ا}}) do not have a distinct medial form and have to be written with their final form without being connected to the next letter. Their initial form matches the isolated form. The following letter is written in its initial form, or isolated form if it is the final letter in the word.
* The letter {{transliteration|ar|ALA|alif}} originated in the Phoenician alphabet as a consonant-sign indicating a glottal stop. Today it has lost its function as a consonant, and, together with {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ya’}} and {{transliteration|ar|ALA|wāw}}, is a ''[[mater lectionis]]'', a consonant sign standing in for a long vowel (see below), or as support for certain diacritics ({{transliteration|ar|ALA|maddah}} and ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|hamzah}}'').
* Arabic currently uses a [[Punctuation|punctuation mark]] called the {{transliteration|ar|ALA|hamzah}} ({{lang|ar|ء}}) to denote the [[glottal stop]] {{IPA|[ʔ]}}, written alone or with a carrier:
** alone: {{lang|ar|ء}}
** with a carrier: {{lang|ar|إ أ}} (above or under an {{transliteration|ar|ALA|alif}}), {{lang|ar|ؤ}} (above a {{transliteration|ar|ALA|wāw}}), {{lang|ar|ئ}} (above a dotless {{transliteration|ar|ALA|yā’}} or {{transliteration|ar|ALA|yā’ hamzah}}).

:In academic work, the hamza is transliterated with the [[modifier letter right half ring]] (ʾ) or ({{transliteration|ar|ALA|ʔ}}) on [[Wiktionary]], while the [[modifier letter left half ring]] (ʿ) or ({{transliteration|ar|ALA|ʕ}}) on Wiktionary, transliterates the letter ''[[Ayin|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|‘ayn}}]]'' ({{lang|ar|ع}}), which represents a different sound, not found in English.
:The hamza has a single form, since it is never linked to a preceding or following letter. However, it is sometimes combined with a {{transliteration|ar|ALA|wāw}}, {{transliteration|ar|ALA|yā’}}, or {{transliteration|ar|ALA|alif}}, and in that case the carrier behaves like an ordinary {{transliteration|ar|ALA|wāw}}, {{transliteration|ar|ALA|yā’}}, or {{transliteration|ar|ALA|alif}}, check the table below:

==== Hamza forms ====
{{further|Hamza#Arabic "seat" rules}}
The Hamza {{IPAslink|ʔ}} (glottal stop) can be written either alone, as if it were a letter, or with a carrier, when it becomes a [[Arabic diacritics|diacritic]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Habash |first=Nizar Y. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sYhyEAAAQBAJ |title=Introduction to Arabic Natural Language Processing |date=2022-06-01 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-031-02139-8 |pages=60 |language=en}}</ref> {{transliteration|ar|ALA|Hamzat al-madd}}  ({{lang|ar|آ}}) indicates a long {{IPAslink|ʔ}} + {{IPA|/aː/}} sound as in {{lang|ar|آسف}} {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ʾāsif}}  {{IPA|/ʔaː.sif/}} "sorry", while the other Hamzas indicate the glottal stop {{IPAslink|ʔ}} in different positions of the word as in {{lang|ar|مسؤول}} {{transliteration|ar|ALA|masʾūl}} {{IPA|/mas.'''ʔ'''uːl/}} and {{lang|ar|سائل}} {{transliteration|ar|ALA|sāʾil}} {{IPA|/saː.'''ʔ'''il/}}, the writing of the Hamza is based on a set of rules, For the writing rule of each form, see {{slink|Hamza#Arabic "seat" rules}}.
{|class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Name
! colspan="4" |Contextual forms
! rowspan="2" |Isolated
! rowspan="2" |Position occurrence
|-
! Final 
! colspan="2" |Medial
!Initial
|-
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|Hamzah ʿalā al-[[Aleph#Arabic variants|ʾalif]]}} ({{lang|ar|<big>هَمْزَة عَلَى الأَلِفْ</big>}})
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center" |{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـأ}}}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |<span style="font-size:190%;"><small>{{lang|ar|أ}}</small></span>
|Initial / Medial / Final positions
|-
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|Hamzah taḥt al-ʾalif}} ({{lang|ar|<big>هَمْزَة تَحْت الأَلِفْ</big>}})
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | -
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <span style="font-size:190%;"><small>{{lang|ar|إ}}</small></span>
|Initial position only
|-
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|Hamzah ʿalā as-saṭr}} ({{lang|ar|<big>هَمْزَة عَلَى السَّطْر</big>}})
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | {{huge|{{lang|ar|ء}}}}
| style="text-align:center" | -
| style="text-align:center" | <span style="font-size:190%;"><small>{{lang|ar|ء}}</small></span>
|Medial / Final only
|-
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|Hamzah ʿalā al-wāw}} ({{lang|ar|<big>هَمْزَة عَلَى الوَاو</big>}})
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center" |{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـؤ}}}}
| style="text-align:center" | -
| style="text-align:center" | <span style="font-size:190%;"><small>{{lang|ar|ؤ}}</small></span>
|Medial / Final only
|-
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|Hamzah ʿalā nabra}} ({{lang|ar|<big>هَمْزَة عَلَى نَبْرَة</big>}}) (medial)<br/>{{transliteration|ar|ALA|Hamzah ʿalā al-yāʾ}} ({{lang|ar|<big>هَمْزَة عَلَى اليَاء</big>}}) (final)
| style="text-align:center" |{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـئ}}}}
|style="text-align:center" |{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـئـ}}}}
|{{huge|{{lang|ar|ئـ}}}}
| style="text-align:center" | -
|style="text-align:center" |{{huge|{{lang|ar|ئ}}}}
|Medial / Final only
|-
! colspan="7" |
|-
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|Hamzat al-madd}} ({{lang|ar|<big>هَمْزَةْ المد</big>}}) 
|style="text-align:center" | -
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |{{huge|{{lang|ar|ـآ}}}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |<span style="font-size:190%;"><small>{{lang|ar|آ}}</small></span>
|Initial / Medial only
|}

====Modified letters====
The following are not individual letters, but rather different contextual variants of some of the Arabic letters.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Name
! colspan="3" |Contextual forms
! rowspan="2" |Isolated
! rowspan="2" |Translit.
! rowspan="2" |Notes and Phonemic Value (IPA)
|-
!Final
!Medial
!Initial
|- 
|[[Tāʾ marbūṭah|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|tāʾ marbūṭah}}]]
({{lang|ar|<big>تَاءْ مَرْبُوطَة</big>}})
|style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;" |<span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|ar|ـة}}</span>
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"  |(only final)
| style="text-align:center" |<span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|ar|ة}}</span>
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|ar|ALA|h}} or {{transliteration|ar|ALA|t}}
|(aka "''correlated tā{{'}}''")
used in final position, often for denoting singular feminine ''noun/word'' or to make the ''noun/word'' feminine, it has two pronunciations rules; often unpronounced or pronounced {{IPA|/h/}} as in {{lang|ar|مدرسة}} {{transliteration|ar|ALA|madrasa}} {{IPA|ar|madrasa|}} / {{transliteration|ar|ALA|madrasah}} {{IPA|ar|madrasah|}} "school" and pronounced {{IPA|/t/}} in [[construct state]] as in {{lang|ar|مدرسة سارة}} {{transliteration|ar|ALA|madrasatu sāra}} "Sara's school".

In rare ''irregular noun/word'' cases, it appears to denote masculine singular nouns as in {{lang|ar|أسامة}} {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ʾusāma}}, or some masculine plural noun forms as in {{lang|ar|بَقَّالَة}} {{transliteration|ar|ALA|baqqāla}} plural of {{lang|ar|بَقَّال}} {{transliteration|ar|ALA|baqqāl}}.

plural nouns: {{transliteration|ar|ALA|āt}} (a preceding letter followed by a {{transliteration|ar|ALA|fatḥah alif}} + {{transliteration|ar|ALA|tāʾ}} = {{script/Arabic|1=ـَات}})
|- 
|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[Aleph#Arabic variants|ʾalif maqṣūrah]]}} ({{lang|ar|<big>أَلِفْ مَقْصُورَة</big>}})
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;" |<span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|ar|ـى}}</span>
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |(only final)
| style="text-align:center" |<span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|ar|ى}}</span>
| style="text-align:center" |{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ā}} 
| Two uses:<br />1. The letter called {{lang|ar|أَلِفْ مَقْصُورَة}} {{transliteration|ar|ALA|alif maqṣūrah}} or {{lang|ar|ْأَلِف لَيِّنَة}} {{transliteration|ar|ALA|alif layyinah}} (as opposed to {{lang|ar|أَلِف مَمْدُودَة}} {{transliteration|ar|ALA|alif mamdūda}} {{lang|ar|ا}}), pronounced {{IPA|/aː/}} in Modern Standard Arabic. It is used only at the end of words in some special cases to denote the neuter/non-feminine aspect of the word (mainly verbs), where [[Tāʾ marbūṭah|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|tā’ marbūṭah}}]] cannot be used.<br />
{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}<br />2. A way of writing the letter {{lang|ar|ي}} {{transliteration|ar|ALA|yāʾ}} without its dots at the end of words, either traditionally or in contemporary use in Egypt and Sudan.
|}