Editing Arabic (section)

=== Standardization ===
[[Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali]] ({{circa|603}}–689) is credited with standardizing [[Arabic grammar]], or ''an-naḥw'' ({{Lang|ar|النَّحو}} "the way"<ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=Almaany|title=ترجمة و معنى نحو بالإنجليزي في قاموس المعاني. قاموس عربي انجليزي مصطلحات صفحة 1|url=https://www.almaany.com/ar/dict/ar-en/%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88/|access-date=2021-05-26|website=www.almaany.com|language=en}}</ref>), and pioneering a system of [[Arabic diacritics|diacritics]] to differentiate consonants ({{Lang|ar|نقط الإعجام}} ''nuqaṭu‿l-i'jām'' "pointing for non-Arabs") and indicate [[Arabic diacritics#Tashkil (marks used as phonetic guides)|vocalization]] ({{Lang|ar|التشكيل}} ''at-tashkīl'').<ref>{{Cite book|last=Leaman|first=Oliver|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isDgI0-0Ip4C&pg=PA131|title=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia|date=2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-32639-1|language=en}}</ref> [[Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi]] (718–786) compiled the first Arabic dictionary, [[Kitab al-'Ayn|''Kitāb al-'Ayn'']] ({{Lang|ar|كتاب العين}} "The Book of the Letter [[Ayin|ع]]"), and is credited with establishing the rules of Arabic [[Prosody (linguistics)|prosody]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Al-Khalīl ibn Aḥmad {{!}} Arab philologist|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Khalil-ibn-Ahmad|access-date=2021-05-27|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> [[Al-Jahiz]] (776–868) proposed to [[Al-Akhfash al-Akbar]] an overhaul of the grammar of Arabic, but it would not come to pass for two centuries.<ref name="Landmarks in linguistic thought III-1997">{{cite book| last=Versteegh | first=Kees|chapter=Ibn Maḍâ' and the refutation of the grammarians|title=Landmarks in linguistic thought III|year=1997|pages=140–152|location=Abingdon, UK|publisher=Taylor & Francis|doi=10.4324/9780203444153_chapter_11|isbn=978-0-203-27565-8 }}</ref> The standardization of Arabic reached completion around the end of the 8th century. The first comprehensive description of the ''ʿarabiyya'' "Arabic", [[Sibawayh|Sībawayhi's]] ''al''-''Kitāb'', is based first of all upon a corpus of poetic texts, in addition to Qur'an usage and Bedouin informants whom he considered to be reliable speakers of the ''ʿarabiyya''.<ref name="referenceworks.brillonline.com" />