Editing Antonio Gramsci (section)

===Imprisonment and death===
[[File:Antonio Gramsci Grave in Rome01.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Gramsci's grave at the [[Protestant Cemetery, Rome|Cimitero Acattolico]] in Rome]]
On 9 November 1926, the Fascist government enacted a new wave of emergency laws, taking as a pretext an alleged attempt on Mussolini's life that had occurred several days earlier. The Fascist police arrested Gramsci, despite his [[parliamentary immunity]], and brought him to the Roman prison ''[[Regina Coeli (prison)|Regina Coeli]]''. At his trial, Gramsci's prosecutor stated: "For twenty years we must stop this brain from functioning."{{sfn|Hoare|Smith|1971|p=lxxxix}} He received an immediate sentence of five years in confinement on the island of [[Ustica]], and the following year he received a sentence of 20 years' imprisonment in [[Turi, Apulia]], near [[Bari]].

Over 11 years in prison, his health deteriorated. Over this period, "his teeth fell out, his digestive system collapsed so that he could not eat solid food{{nbsp}}... he had convulsions when he vomited blood and suffered headaches so violent that he beat his head against the walls of his cell."{{sfn|Hoare|Smith|1971|p=xcii}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Garrett|first=Paul Michael|date=4 July 2018|chapter=Thinking with Antonio Gramsci|title=Social Work and Social Theory|publisher=Policy Press|pages=103–122|doi=10.51952/9781447341925.ch006|isbn=978-1-4473-4192-5}}</ref> An international campaign, organised by [[Piero Sraffa]] at [[Cambridge University]] and Gramsci's sister-in-law Tatiana, was mounted to demand Gramsci's release.{{sfn|Jones|2006|p=25}} In 1933, he was moved from the prison at Turi to a clinic at [[Formia]];{{sfn|Hoare|Smith|1971|p=xciii}} he was still being denied adequate medical attention.{{sfn|Hoare|Smith|1971|p=xciv}} Two years later, he was moved to the Quisisana clinic in Rome. He was due for release on 21 April 1937 and planned to retire to Sardinia for [[convalescence]], but a combination of [[arteriosclerosis]], [[pulmonary tuberculosis]], [[high blood pressure]], [[angina]], [[gout]], and acute [[gastric disorders]] meant that he was too ill to move.{{sfn|Hoare|Smith|1971|p=xciv}}

Gramsci died on 27 April 1937, at the age of 46. His ashes are buried in the [[Cimitero Acattolico]] in Rome. By moving Gramsci from prison to hospital when he became very ill, the Mussolini regime was attempting to avoid the accusation that it was his incarceration that caused his death. Nevertheless, his death was linked directly to prison conditions.{{Sfn|Ebner|2011|ps=Ebner says that Mussolini "stage-managed the cases of prominent anti-Fascists like Gramsci" (p. 150) but that, in fact, the regime "rarely granted freedom to leading Communist Party militants" (p. 144). Liberal critics of Mussolini's imprisonment policies likened such policies to "dying a slow death" (p. 105). On Mussolini's pretence of having a benign regime see in particular Chapter 5, "The Politics of Pardons".|pp=76, 105, 144, 150}} Gramsci's grandson, Antonio Jr., speculated that Gramsci had been working with the Soviet government to facilitate a move to Moscow, but changed course as the political climate in Russia [[Moscow Trials|intensified]] in 1936.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Gramsci Jr.|first=Antonio|date=1 December 2016|url=https://newleftreview.org/issues/ii102/articles/antonio-gramsci-jnr-my-grandfather|title=Antonio Gramsci, Jnr, My Grandfather|magazine=New Left Review|issue=102|access-date=8 July 2023|archive-date=26 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926194457/https://newleftreview.org/issues/ii102/articles/antonio-gramsci-jnr-my-grandfather|url-status=live}}</ref>