Editing Anthony Wayne (section)

=== Brief retirement and slavery ===
==== Pennsylvania ====

In 1783, Wayne returned to Pennsylvania and was celebrated as a war hero, deciding to enter politics with other friends at the time.<ref name="Soldier" /> Initially a supporter of more democratic views, Wayne later aligned more with [[Federalist Party]] and George Washington after the end of the Revolutionary War had aligned himself with that party as well. Like most [[Federalism in the United States|federalists]], he favored [[Centralized government|centralization]], federalism, [[Modernization theory|modernization]], and [[Protectionism in the United States|protectionism]].<ref name="Stockwell 2018 88–236">{{Cite book |last=Stockwell |first=Mary |title=Unlikely General |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2018 |pages=88–236}}</ref> He went on to support [[Republicanism in the United States|Republicanism]] because Wayne ultimately believed that the United States should have a strong centrally-controlled government, stronger banks, manufacturing, and a standing army and navy.

Eventually Wayne presented himself as a candidate for the Pennsylvania Council of Censors and on election day in October 1783, he gathered troops and approached electoral judges, demanding that they would be allowed to vote. On October 10, 1783, he was promoted to major general. Wayne was elected to serve in the [[Pennsylvania General Assembly]] for two years.The Council convened to assess Pennsylvania's governmental operations and ascertain if constitutional reforms were deemed imperative.<ref>{{cite web |title=B. Gen. Anthony Wayne |url=https://pasocietyofthecincinnati.org/gallery_post/b-gen-anthony-wayne/ |website=PA Society of the Cincinnati}}</ref>

Wayne was a member and took an active part of the [[Constitutional Convention (United States)|Constitutional Convention]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography of General Anthony Wayne |url=https://www.ushistory.org/valleyforge/served/wayne.html |website=www.ushistory.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A New Nation Votes |url=https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/4b29b713h |website=elections.lib.tufts.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=WAYNE, Anthony {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives |url=https://history.house.gov/People/Listing/W/WAYNE,-Anthony-(W000216)/ |website=history.house.gov |language=en}}</ref>

==== Georgia ====

Wayne's view on slavery was the same as most of the [[Planter class|American planters]] at the time, which is he supported [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]]. However, like Washington, Wayne gradually grew to oppose the practice of it. His ownership of slaves was during his brief private career. Letters by Wayne from this time express concern about the economic efficiency of finding and managing slaves and concern about their harsh punishments. He was documented providing refuge for slaves from punishment in Georgia. During the Revolutionary War, Wayne wrote letters expressing how horrified he was by the treatment of slaves while traveling between camps and even urged Governor Martin to recruit blacks to fight with the Patriots.<ref name="Stockwell-2018">{{Cite book |last=Stockwell |first=Mary |title=Unlikely General |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2018 |pages=56–184}}</ref>

He owned enslaved [[African Americans]] after the war, he would eventually take over the family farm and tannery business in Chester County. Wayne inherited a 40-year-old male slave named Toby, who was registered in Chester County as a "slave for life."<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2020 |title=1780 Chester County Slave Register |url=https://www.chesco.org/DocumentCenter/View/59090/Slave-Name?bidId= |website=[[Chester County, Pennsylvania]]}}</ref>  In 1786, he obtained slaves through the confiscated plantations, [[Richmond Oak Grove Plantation|Richmond and Kew]] with a total area of {{Convert|1,134|acres|hectare}}. The 47 [[slaves]] were purchased from Adam Tunno, Samuel Potts, and others. He hired a [[plantation overseer]] to manage the plantation and direct the actions of his slaves.<ref name="Main Line Today-2015" /> A record shows 9 boys, 12 girls, 11 women, and 15 men – from Adam Tunno for 3,300 pounds, paying 990 pounds initially and then 2,310 pounds over a five-year period.<ref name="Main Line Today-2015" /><ref name="The Georgia Historical Quarterly-1940">{{cite journal |date=June 1940 |title=RICHMOND OAKGROVE PLANTATION: Part II |journal=The Georgia Historical Quarterly |publisher=[[Georgia Historical Society]] |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=124–144}}</ref> Wayne also had a personal slave named "Caesar" that he named after his favorite historical figure, [[Julius Caesar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anthony Wayne family papers 1681-1913 |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?cc=clementsead;c=clementsead;idno=umich-wcl-M-398way;didno=umich-wcl-M-398way;view=text |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=[[William L. Clements Library]], [[University of Michigan]]}}</ref><ref name="Unlikely General">{{cite web |title=Unlikely General |url=https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300251876/unlikely-general/ |website=Yale University Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-05-03|title=The Nicknaming of General "Mad" Anthony Wayne|url=https://allthingsliberty.com/2013/05/the-nicknaming-of-general-mad-anthony-wayne/|access-date=2021-10-13|website=Journal of the American Revolution|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Procknow |first=Gene |date=2018-06-20 |title=Unlikely General: Mad Anthony Wayne and the Battle for America |url=https://allthingsliberty.com/2018/06/unlikely-general-mad-anthony-wayne-and-the-battle-for-america/ |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=Journal of the American Revolution |language=en-US |quote=Wayne condoned slavery and readily purchased numerous slaves after the Revolution to work on his new plantation given to him by the state of Georgia for his service in chasing the British from the state.}}</ref>

The plantations, were confiscated and officially given to Wayne in 1786 along with loans from Dutch bankers for repairs.<ref name="Main Line Today-2015" /><ref name="The Georgia Historical Quarterly-1940"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rogers|first=George C. Jr.|date=April 1988|title=A Social Portrait of the South at the Turn of the Eighteenth Century|journal=Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society|publisher=[[American Antiquarian Society]]|volume=98, Part 1|pages=35–49}}</ref>{{sfn|Nelson|1985|pp=187–208}} Wayne quickly fell into debt running the plantations. He is also documented neglecting his business, frequently attending out of state political events, social parties, time with former soldiers, time in Pennsylvania, or traveling. His plantations were ultimately unsuccessful because of neglect and acquiring a large amount of debt. He later begged various acquaintances to assist him with making payments before selling the plantations. His contemporaries criticized him and his overseer for having a "relaxed" hand.<ref name="The Georgia Historical Quarterly-1940"/>{{sfn|Nelson|1985|pp=4–5, 187–208}}<ref name="Georgia Historical Society">{{cite journal |date=June 1940 |title=Richmond Oakgrove Plantation: Part II |journal=The Georgia Historical Quarterly |publisher=[[Georgia Historical Society]] |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=124–144}}</ref><ref name="The Georgia Historical Quarterly-1940"/>

==== Reinstatement ====

After the war, Wayne spent his time living a retired life between Pennsylvania and Georgia. He had a brief career in private business running his tanner business in Pennsylvania and two rice plantations in Georgia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Founders Online: May [1791] |url=http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/01-06-02-0002-0004 |access-date=2021-05-03 |website=[[National Archives and Records Administration]] |language=en}}</ref>

President George Washington however called Wayne out of retirement in spring 1792 to command the newly formed [[Legion of the United States]] to secure the [[Northwest Territory]] for [[American pioneer|American settlers]]. Wayne became the senior commander in the [[United States Army|U.S Army]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anthony Wayne (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/people/anthony-wayne.htm |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}</ref>

==== Congressman ====
[[File:Anthony Wayne.jpg|thumb|upright|18th-century print of Wayne]] He was a delegate to the state convention that ratified the [[Constitution of the United States|United States Constitution]] in 1788 and lost elections to the Senate and [[1789 United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia#Upper District|the House]] that same year.<ref name="Soldier" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=A New Nation Votes |url=https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/rf55z808j |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=elections.lib.tufts.edu}}</ref> In late 1790, he was elected into the [[2nd United States Congress]] as a representative of [[Georgia's 1st congressional district]].<ref name="Soldier" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Wayne, Anthony, (1745–1796)|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=W000216 |publisher=bioguide.congress.gov}}</ref> During his brief political career, he would remain loyal to George Washington with support. While in Congress, Wayne promoted the increased militarization of the United States and warned against future attacks from the British. He supported an act of 5,000 troops entering to secure ceded land in the [[Northwest Territory]].<ref name="Soldier" />

Wayne's opponent [[James Jackson (Georgia politician)|James Jackson]] accused Wayne's campaign manager Judge [[Thomas Gibbons (politician)|Thomas Gibbons]] of electoral fraud.<ref name="Soldier" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gumbel |first=Andrew |date=Winter 2008 |title=Election Fraud and the Myths of American Democracy |journal=[[Social Research]] |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=1109–1134|doi=10.1353/sor.2008.0004 |s2cid=151028336 }}</ref><ref name="Stockwell-2018"/> A House committee determined that electoral fraud had been committed in the 1790 election and Local magistrates would later be implicated and not Wayne himself.<ref name="Soldier" /><ref name="Urwin-2020">{{Cite journal |last=Urwin |first=Gregory J W |date=Spring 2020 |title=Unlikely General: "Mad" Anthony Wayne and the Battle for America |journal=[[Journal of the Early Republic]] |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=138–140|doi=10.1353/jer.2020.0009 |s2cid=213615655 }}</ref> A [[1792 Georgia's 1st congressional district special election|special election]] was held on July 9, 1792. Wayne attempted to run again, however was disqualified due to failing residency qualifications. [[John Milledge]] eventually filled Wayne's vacant seat.<ref>''United States Congressional Elections, 1788–1997: The Official Results'' confirms the seat was declared vacant on March 21, 1792.</ref><ref name="tehistory.org">{{Cite web |title=TEHS - Quarterly Archives |url=https://tehistory.org/hqda/html/v24/v24n2p067.html |website=tehistory.org}}</ref>{{sfn|Nelson|1985|pp=4–5, 208, 187–208}}<ref name="Georgia Historical Society" /><ref name="detroithistorical.org">{{Cite web |title=Wayne, General Anthony &#124; Detroit Historical Society |url=https://detroithistorical.org/learn/encyclopedia-of-detroit/wayne-general-anthony |website=detroithistorical.org}}</ref><ref name="tehistory.org" />

During his time in Georgia, his wife abandoned him after rumors of a relationship between Wayne and General [[Nathanael Greene|Nathanael Greene's]] wife [[Catharine Littlefield Greene|Catherine]] spread.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=December 1939 |title=Mulberry Grove from the Revolution to the Present Time |journal=The Georgia Historical Quarterly |publisher=[[Georgia Historical Society]] |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=315–336}}</ref> As a civilian, Wayne ultimately found himself bankrupt, abandoned by his wife, and later removed from office.