Editing Animal welfare (section)

===Cetaceans===
{{Further|Whaling|Marine mammals and sonar|Captive killer whales|Beluga whale#Captivity|Dolphinarium#Animal_welfare|Human–animal_communication#Cetaceans}}
Captive cetaceans are kept for display, research and naval operations. To enhance their welfare, humans feed them fish that are dead but are disease-free, protect them from predators and injury, monitor their health, and provide activities for [[behavioral enrichment]]. Some are kept in lagoons with natural soil and vegetated sides.<ref name="Lemieux">{{Cite book |title=Rekindling the waters: the truth about swimming with dolphins |last=Lemieux |first=Leah |date=2009 |publisher=Matador |isbn=978-1-84876-057-8 |location=Leicester |oclc=263296132}}</ref> Most are in concrete tanks which are easy to clean but echo their natural sounds back to them.<ref name="wood">{{Cite web |last=Gray |first=Michael D |author2=John W Doane |author3=Gary W Caille |author4=Peter H Rogers |title=Design of Acoustic Treatments for Use in a Dolphin Research Tank |website=ResearchGate |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267976144 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="pbs">{{Cite episode |title=Dolphins moving from concrete tanks to seaside sanctuary |url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/baltimores-dolphins-moving-from-concrete-tanks-to-seaside-sanctuary/ |series=[[PBS NewsHour]] |date=14 June 2016 |language=en-US |journal=[[PBS NewsHour]] |access-date=5 September 2017 |archive-date=6 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906035032/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/baltimores-dolphins-moving-from-concrete-tanks-to-seaside-sanctuary/ |url-status=live }}</ref> They cannot develop their own social groups, and related cetaceans are typically separated for display and breeding. [[Military dolphins]] used in naval operations swim free during operations and training and return to pens otherwise.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Beluga: a farewell to whales |last=Béland |first=Pierre |date=1996 |publisher=Lyons & Burford |isbn=1-55821-398-8 |location=New York, NY |oclc=34113108 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/belugafarewellto0000bela }}</ref> Captive cetaceans are trained to present themselves for blood samples, health exams, and noninvasive breath samples above their blow holes.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Kessler |first=Rebecca |date=30 September 2013 |title=A Wealth of Data in Whale Breath |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/01/science/a-wealth-of-data-in-whale-breath.html |url-access=subscription |magazine=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=19 December 2017 |archive-date=9 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109184640/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/01/science/a-wealth-of-data-in-whale-breath.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Staff can monitor the captives afterward for signs of infection from the procedure.

Research on wild cetaceans leaves them free to roam and make sounds in their natural habitat, eat live fish, face predators and injury, and form social groups voluntarily. However, boat engines of researchers, whale watchers and others add substantial noise to their natural environment, reducing their ability to echolocate and communicate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Houghton |first1=Juliana |last2=Holt |first2=Marla M. |last3=Giles |first3=Deborah A. |last4=Hanson |first4=M. Bradley |last5=Emmons |first5=Candice K. |last6=Hogan |first6=Jeffrey T. |last7=Branch |first7=Trevor A. |last8=VanBlaricom |first8=Glenn R. |date=2 December 2015 |title=The Relationship between Vessel Traffic and Noise Levels Received by Killer Whales (''Orcinus orca'') |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=12 |pages=e0140119 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0140119 |issn=1932-6203|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1040119H |bibcode-access=free |pmc=4667929 |pmid=26629916 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="veirs">{{Cite web |last1=Veirs |first1=Val |first2=Scott |last2=Veirs |date=21 April 2006 |title=Average levels and power spectra of ambient sound in the habitat of southern resident orcas |url=http://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/research/divisions/cb/ecosystem/marinemammal/documents/veirs_noaa_haro_noise_final.pdf |via=NOAA |access-date=5 September 2017 |archive-date=6 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906092505/https://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/research/divisions/cb/ecosystem/marinemammal/documents/veirs_noaa_haro_noise_final.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Electric boats|Electric engines]] are far quieter, but are not widely used for either research or whale watching, even for maintaining position, which does not require much power.<ref name="troll">{{Cite magazine |last=Hendricks |first=Jim |date=9 April 2015 |title=Automatic Positioning Systems for Boating and Fishing |url=http://www.boatingmag.com/automatic-positioning-systems-boating-and-fishing |magazine=Boating Magazine |language=en |access-date=5 September 2017 |archive-date=7 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807005922/http://www.boatingmag.com/automatic-positioning-systems-boating-and-fishing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="falvey">{{Cite magazine |last=Falvey |first=Kevin |date=11 September 2012 |title=An Electric Motor For Boats |url=http://www.boatingmag.com/boats/electric-motor-boats |magazine=Boating Magazine |language=en |access-date=5 September 2017 |archive-date=12 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141212192417/http://www.boatingmag.com/boats/electric-motor-boats |url-status=live }}</ref> Vancouver Port offers discounts for ships with quiet propeller and hull designs.<ref name="vanc">{{Cite magazine |date=1 February 2017 |title=Quieting Waters Around the Port of Vancouver |url=http://www.globaltrademag.com/global-logistics/quieting-waters-around-port-vancouver |magazine=Global Trade Magazine |language=en-US |access-date=6 September 2017 |archive-date=7 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907075230/http://www.globaltrademag.com/global-logistics/quieting-waters-around-port-vancouver |url-status=live }}</ref> Other areas have reduced speeds.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.qc.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/infoceans/201410/article7-eng.html |title=Reduction in Risk of Collisions with Whales Deemed Encouraging |date=1 October 2014 |website=www.qc.dfo-mpo.gc.ca Pêches et Océans Canada – Région du Québec – Infocéans |language=en |access-date=6 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724202518/http://www.qc.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/infoceans/201410/article7-eng.html |archive-date=24 July 2017 }}</ref> Boat engines also have unshielded propellers, which cause serious injuries to cetaceans who come close to the propeller.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Luksenburg |first=Jolanda A. |date=19 February 2014 |title=Prevalence of External Injuries in Small Cetaceans in Aruban Waters, Southern Caribbean |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=e88988 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0088988 |pmid=24586473 |pmc=3929637 |issn=1932-6203|bibcode=2014PLoSO...988988L |hdl=1920/9941 |hdl-access=free |doi-access=free }}</ref> The US Coast Guard has proposed rules on propeller guards to protect human swimmers, but has not adopted any rules.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.propellersafety.com/proposed-propeller-guard-regulations/ |title=Proposed Propeller Guard Regulations |last=Polson |first=Gary |website=www.propellersafety.com |language=en |access-date=5 September 2017 |archive-date=6 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906035113/http://www.propellersafety.com/proposed-propeller-guard-regulations/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="seaworthy">{{Cite magazine |date=1 July 2012 |title=USCG's Search For Prop Guard Test Protocol – Seaworthy Magazine – BoatUS |url=http://www.boatus.com/seaworthy/magazine/2012/july/TheCoastGuardsSearchForAProtocolToTestPropGuards.asp |magazine=Seaworthy |language=en |access-date=5 September 2017 |archive-date=6 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906035831/http://www.boatus.com/seaworthy/magazine/2012/july/TheCoastGuardsSearchForAProtocolToTestPropGuards.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> The US Navy uses propeller guards to protect manatees in Georgia.<ref name="boice">{{Cite web |url=http://www.umich.edu/~esupdate/library/96.07-08/boice.html |title=Managing Endangered Species on Military Lands |last=Boice |first=L. Peter |website=www.umich.edu |access-date=5 September 2017 |archive-date=19 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619040354/http://www.umich.edu/~esupdate/library/96.07-08/boice.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ducted propeller]]s provide more efficient drive at speeds up to 10 knots, and protect animals beneath and beside them, but need grilles to prevent injuries to animals drawn into the duct.<ref name="duct">{{Cite journal |title=Unusual Mortality of Pinnipeds in the United Kingdom Associated with Helical (Corkscrew) Injuries of Anthropogenic Origin |last=Bexton |first=Steve |journal=Aquatic Mammals |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=229–240 |doi=10.1578/am.38.3.2012.229 |year=2012 |bibcode=2012AqMam..38..229B }}</ref><ref name="prop-a-m">{{Cite web |url=http://www.propellersafety.com/5355/legal-propeller/boat-builders-propeller-guards-a-m/ |title=Boat Builders Offering Propeller Guards Part 1 (A-M) :: PropellerSafety.com |website=www.propellersafety.com |language=en |access-date=5 September 2017 |archive-date=6 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906040817/http://www.propellersafety.com/5355/legal-propeller/boat-builders-propeller-guards-a-m/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Attaching satellite trackers and obtaining biopsies to measure pollution loads and DNA involve either capture and release, or shooting the cetaceans from a distance with dart guns.<ref name="bik">{{Cite journal |title=Marine mammals harbor unique microbiotas shaped by and yet distinct from the sea |last1=Bik |first1=Elisabeth M. |last2=Costello |first2=Elizabeth K. |date=3 February 2016 |journal=Nature Communications |volume=7 |pages=10516 |language=en |doi=10.1038/ncomms10516 |last3=Switzer |first3=Alexandra D. |last4=Callahan |first4=Benjamin J. |last5=Holmes |first5=Susan P. |last6=Wells |first6=Randall S. |last7=Carlin |first7=Kevin P. |last8=Jensen |first8=Eric D. |last9=Venn-Watson |first9=Stephanie|bibcode=2016NatCo...710516B |pmc=4742810 |pmid=26839246 }}</ref> A cetacean was killed by a fungal infection after being darted, due to either an incompletely sterilized dart or an infection from the ocean entering the wound caused by the dart.<ref name="natgeo">{{Cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/10/orca-killed-by-satellite-tag-l59/ |title=Orca Killed by Satellite Tag Leads to Criticism of Science Practices |last=Welch |first=Craig |date=6 October 2016 |website=National Geographic |access-date=5 September 2017 |archive-date=6 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906090731/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/10/orca-killed-by-satellite-tag-l59/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Researchers on wild cetaceans have not yet been able to use drones to capture noninvasive breath samples.

Other harms to wild cetaceans include commercial [[whaling]], [[aboriginal whaling]], [[drift netting]], [[ship collision]]s, [[water pollution]], noise from [[Marine mammals and sonar|sonar]] and [[reflection seismology]], [[predator]]s, loss of [[prey]], and [[disease]]. Efforts to enhance the life of wild cetaceans, besides reducing those harms, include offering human music.<ref name="roth">{{Cite book |title=Thousand mile song: whale music in a sea of sound |last=Rothenberg |first=David |date=2008 |publisher=Basic Books, a member of the Perseus Books Group |isbn=978-0-465-07128-9 |location=New York |oclc=182662572 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780465071289 }}</ref><ref name="cbc">{{Cite magazine |date=21 August 2014 |title=Beluga cam captures whale of a time with the Beatles |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/beluga-cam-captures-churchill-s-playful-magical-whales-1.2742982 |magazine=CBC News |language=en |access-date=6 September 2017 |archive-date=30 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170530232341/http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/beluga-cam-captures-churchill-s-playful-magical-whales-1.2742982 |url-status=live }}</ref> Canadian rules do not forbid playing quiet music, though they forbid "noise that may resemble whale songs or calls, underwater".<ref name="saguenay">{{Cite web |url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2002-76/page-3.html#h-18 |title=Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Marine Activities in the Saguenay-St. Lawrence Marine Park Regulations |date=1 January 2017 |language=en |access-date=6 September 2017 |archive-date=7 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907033047/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2002-76/page-3.html#h-18 |url-status=live }}</ref>