Editing Andrew II of Hungary (section)

==Reign==

==="New institutions" and campaigns in Halych (1205–1217)===
{{Main article|War of the Galician Succession (1205–1245)}}
[[File:Andrew II of Hungary.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A crowned man holding a flag in his left hand|Andrew II depicted in ''[[Chronicon Pictum|Illuminated Chronicle]]'']]
[[File:Thuróczy krónika - II. András király.jpg|alt=Chronica Hungarorum, Thuróczy chronicle, King Andrew II of Hungary, throne, crown, orb, scepter, medieval, Hungarian chronicle, book, illustration, history|thumb|Andrew II depicted in ''[[Chronica Hungarorum]]'']]
[[John, Archbishop of Esztergom|John, Archbishop of Kalocsa]], crowned Andrew king in [[Székesfehérvár]] on 29 May 1205.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=127}}{{sfn|Bartl|Čičaj|Kohútova|Letz|2002|p=31}} Andrew introduced a new policy for royal grants, which he called "new institutions" in one of his charters.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=91}}{{sfn|Berend|Urbańczyk|Wiszewski|2013|p=427}} He distributed large portions of the royal domain{{mdash}}royal castles and all estates attached to them{{mdash}}as inheritable grants to his supporters, declaring that "the best measure of a royal grant is its being immeasurable."{{sfn|Berend|Urbańczyk|Wiszewski|2013|p=427}}{{sfn|Engel|2001|pp=91–92}} His "new institutions" altered the relations between the monarchs and the Hungarian lords. During the previous two centuries, a lord's status primarily depended on the income he received for his services to the monarch; after the introduction of the "new institutions", their inheritable estates yielded sufficient revenues.{{sfn|Kontler|1999|p=75}} This policy also diminished the funds upon which the authority of the ''[[ispán]]s'', or heads, of the [[County (Kingdom of Hungary)|counties]]{{mdash}}who were appointed by the monarchs{{mdash}}had been based.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=93}}

During his reign, Andrew was intensely interested in the internal affairs of his former principality of Halych.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=89}} He launched his first campaign to recapture Halych in 1205 or 1206.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=89}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=127}}{{sfn|Dimnik|2003|pp=251–253}} Upon the boyars' request, he intervened against [[Vsevolod Svyatoslavich]], [[Prince of Chernigov]], and his allies on behalf of [[Daniel Romanovich]], the child-prince of Halych, and [[Prince of Vladimir-in-Volhynia|Lodomeria]]. Svyatoslavich and his allies were forced to withdraw.{{sfn|Dimnik|2003|pp=253–254}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=127}} Andrew adopted the title of "King of Galicia and Lodomeria", demonstrating his claim to suzerainty in the two principalities.{{sfn|Berend|Urbańczyk|Wiszewski|2013|p=441}}{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=317}} 
After Andrew returned to Hungary, Vsevolod Svyatoslavich's distant cousin, [[Vladimir Igorevich]], seized both Halych and Lodomeria, expelling Daniel Romanovich and his mother.{{sfn|Dimnik|2003|pp=254–255, 258}} They fled to [[Leszek I of Poland]], who suggested that they visit Andrew.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=127}}{{sfn|Dimnik|2003|p=263}} However, Vladimir Igorevich "sent many gifts" to both Andrew and Leszek, dissuading "them from attacking him"<ref>''The Hypatian Codex II: The Galician-Volynian Chronicle'' (year 1207), p. 19.</ref> on behalf of Romanovich, according to the ''[[Galician–Volhynian Chronicle]]''.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=127}}{{sfn|Dimnik|2003|p=263}} Vladimir Igorevich's rebellious brother, [[Roman Igorevich]], soon came to Hungary, seeking Andrew's assistance.{{sfn|Dimnik|2003|p=263}} Roman returned to Halych and expelled Vladimir Igorevich with the help of Hungarian auxiliary troops.{{sfn|Dimnik|2003|p=263}}

Andrew confirmed the liberties of two Dalmatian towns{{mdash}}[[Split, Croatia|Split]] and [[Omiš]]{{mdash}}and issued a new charter listing the privileges of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Split-Makarska|archbishops of Split]] in 1207.{{sfn|Bárány|2012|p=136}} Taking advantage of a conflict between Roman Igorevich and his boyars, Andrew sent troops to Halych under the command of [[Benedict, son of Korlát]].{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=128}} Benedict captured Roman Igorevich and occupied the principality in 1208 or 1209.{{sfn|Dimnik|2003|pp=263–264}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=128}} Instead of appointing a new prince, Andrew made Benedict governor of Halych.{{sfn|Dimnik|2003|p=264}} Benedict "tortured boyars and was addicted to lechery",<ref>''The Hypatian Codex II: The Galician-Volynian Chronicle'' (year 1210), p. 20.</ref> according to the ''Galician–Volhynian Chronicle''. The boyars offered the throne to [[Mstislav Mstislavich]], [[Prince of Novgorod]], if he could overthrow Benedict.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=128}} Mstislav Mstislavich invaded Halych, but he could not defeat Benedict.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=128}}

[[File:Andreas Getrude Ungarn.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=A queen reading a book and a bearded king holding a sceptre|[[Gertrude of Merania]] and Andrew depicted in the 13th-century ''{{ill|Landgrafenpsalter|de}}'' from the [[Landgraviate of Thuringia]]]]

Queen Gertrude's two brothers, [[Ekbert of Bamberg]], [[Bishop of Bamberg]], and Henry II, Margrave of Istria, fled to Hungary in 1208 after they were accused of participating in the murder of [[Philip of Swabia|Philip]], [[King of the Germans]].{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=128}}{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=233}}{{sfn|Engel|2001|pp=90–91}} Andrew granted large domains to Bishop Ekbert in the [[Szepesség]] region (now [[Spiš]], Slovakia).{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=233}} Gertrude's youngest brother, [[Berthold (patriarch of Aquileia)|Berthold]], had been [[Archbishop of Kalocsa]] since 1206; he was made [[Ban of Croatia]] and [[Ban of Dalmatia|Dalmatia]] in 1209.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|pp=232–233}}{{sfn|Berend|Urbańczyk|Wiszewski|2013|p=428}} Andrew's generosity towards his wife's German relatives and courtiers discontented the local lords.{{sfn|Almási|2012|p=88}}{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|pp=232–234}} According to historian Gyula Kristó, the [[Anonymus (notary of Béla III)|anonymous author]] of ''[[The Deeds of the Hungarians]]'' referred to the Germans from the [[Holy Roman Empire]] when he sarcastically mentioned that "{{nobr|now ...}} the Romans graze on the goods of Hungary."<ref>''Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians'' (ch. 9), p. 27.</ref>{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=234}} In 1209, [[Zadar]], which [[Siege of Zadar|had been lost to the Venetians]], was liberated by one of Andrew's Dalmatian vassals, [[Domald of Sidraga]], but the Venetians recaptured the town a year later.{{sfn|Magaš|2007|p=58}}{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=149}}

Roman Igorevich reconciled with his brother, Vladimir Igorevich, in early 1209 or 1210.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=129}}{{sfn|Dimnik|2003|p=266}} Their united forces vanquished Benedict's army, expelling the Hungarians from Halych.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=129}}{{sfn|Dimnik|2003|p=266}} Vladimir Igorevich sent one of his sons, Vsevolod Vladimirovich, "bearing gifts to the king in Hungary"<ref>''The Hypatian Codex II: The Galician-Volynian Chronicle'' (year 1211), p. 20.</ref> to appease Andrew, according to the ''Galician–Volhynian Chronicle''.{{sfn|Dimnik|2003|p=266}} A group of discontented Hungarian lords offered the crown to Andrew's cousins, the sons of Andrew's uncle, [[Géza, son of Géza II of Hungary|Géza]]; they lived in "Greek land" (the [[Byzantine Empire]]). However, the cousins' envoys were captured in Split in 1210.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=129}}{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=236}} In the early 1210s, Andrew sent "an army of [[Transylvanian Saxons|Saxons]], [[Vlachs]], [[Székelys]] and [[Pechenegs]]" commanded by [[Joachim Türje|Joachim]], [[Count of Hermannstadt]], (now [[Sibiu]], Romania) to assist [[Boril of Bulgaria]]'s fight against three rebellious [[Cuman]] chieftains.{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=385}}{{sfn|Spinei|2009|p=145}} Around the same time, Hungarian troops occupied Belgrade and [[Braničevo (Golubac)|Barancs]] (now Braničevo, Serbia), which had been lost to Bulgaria under Emeric.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=102}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=131}} Andrew's army defeated the Cumans at [[Vidin]].{{sfn|Spinei|2009|pp=145–146}} Andrew granted the [[Barcaság]] (now [[Țara Bârsei]], Romania) to the [[Teutonic Knights]].{{sfn|Kroonen|Langbroek|Quak|Roeleveld|2014|p=243}} The Knights were to defend the easternmost regions of the Kingdom of Hungary against the Cumans and encourage their conversion to Catholicism.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=90}}{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=404}}

A group of boyars, who were alarmed by the despotic acts of Vladimir Igorevich, asked Andrew to restore Daniel Romanovich as ruler of Halych in 1210 or 1211.{{sfn|Dimnik|2003|p=266}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=130}} Andrew and his allies{{mdash}}Leszek I of Poland and at least five Rus' princes{{mdash}}sent their armies to Halych and restored Daniel Romanovich.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=130}}{{sfn|Dimnik|2003|p=272}} Local boyars expelled Daniel Romanovich's mother in 1212.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=130}} She persuaded Andrew to personally lead his army to Halych.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=130}} He captured Volodislav Kormilchich, the most influential boyar, and took him to Hungary.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=130}} After Andrew withdrew from Halych, the boyars again offered the throne to Mstislav Mstislavich, who expelled Daniel Romanovich and his mother from the principality.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=130}} Andrew departed for a new campaign against Halych in summer 1213.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=130}} During his absence, Hungarian lords who were aggrieved at Queen Gertrude's favoritism towards her German entourage captured and murdered her and many of her courtiers in the [[Pilis Hills]] on 28 September.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=91}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=130}}{{sfn|Berend|Urbańczyk|Wiszewski|2013|p=429}} When he heard of her murder, Andrew returned to Hungary and ordered the execution of the murderer, [[Peter, son of Töre]].{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=91}} However, Peter's accomplices, including [[Palatine of Hungary|Palatine]] [[Bánk Bár-Kalán]], did not receive severe punishments.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=91}}{{sfn|Berend|Urbańczyk|Wiszewski|2013|p=429}} A group of Hungarian lords, whom Andrew called "perverts" in one of his letters, was plotting to dethrone Andrew and crown his eldest son, the eight-year-old [[Béla IV of Hungary|Béla]], but they failed to dethrone him and could only force Andrew to consent to Béla's coronation in 1214.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=94}}{{sfn|Almási|2012|p=89}}

Andrew and Leszek of Poland signed a treaty of alliance, which obliged Andrew's second son, [[Coloman of Galicia-Lodomeria|Coloman]], to marry Leszek of Poland's daughter, [[Salomea of Poland|Salomea]].{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=131}} Andrew and Leszek jointly invaded Halych in 1214, and Coloman was made prince. He agreed to cede [[Przemyśl]] to Leszek of Poland.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=131}}{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=236}} The following year, Andrew returned to Halych and captured [[Przemyśl]].{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=131}} Leszek of Poland soon reconciled with Mstislav Mstislavich; they jointly invaded Halych and forced Coloman to flee to Hungary.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=131}} A new officer of state, the [[master of the treasury|treasurer]], was responsible for the administration of the royal chamber from around 1214 onwards.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=131}}{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=92}} However, royal revenues had significantly diminished.{{sfn|Berend|Urbańczyk|Wiszewski|2013|p=427}} Upon the advice of the treasurer, [[Denis, son of Ampud]], Andrew imposed new taxes and [[Farm (revenue leasing)|farmed out royal income]] from minting, salt trade and custom duties.{{sfn|Berend|Urbańczyk|Wiszewski|2013|pp=427–428}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=131}} The yearly exchange of coins also produced more revenue for the royal chamber.{{sfn|Berend|Urbańczyk|Wiszewski|2013|p=428}} However, these measures provoked discontent in Hungary.{{sfn|Berend|Urbańczyk|Wiszewski|2013|p=428}}

Andrew signed a new treaty of alliance with Leszek of Poland in the summer of 1216.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=132}} Leszek and Andrew's son, Coloman, invaded Halych and expelled Mstislav Mstislavich and Daniel Romanovich, after which Coloman was restored.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=132}} That same year, Andrew met [[Stephen Nemanjić]], [[Grand Prince of Serbia]], in [[Ćuprija|Ravno]] (now [[Ćuprija]], Serbia).{{sfn|Bárány|2012|p=143}}{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=105–106}} He persuaded Stephen Nemanjić to negotiate with [[Henry of Flanders|Henry]], [[Latin Emperor of Constantinople]], who was the uncle of Andrew's second wife, [[Yolanda de Courtenay]].{{sfn|Bárány|2012|p=143}}{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=105–106}} Stephen Nemanjić was crowned king of Serbia in 1217.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=108}} Andrew planned to invade Serbia, but Stephen Nemanjić's brother, [[Saint Sava|Sava]], dissuaded him, according to both versions of the ''Life of Sava''.{{sfn|Bárány|2012|p=143}}{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=108}}

===Andrew's crusade (1217–1218)===
[[File:The fifth crusade.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A horseman with a flag depicting a two-barred cross|Andrew at the head of his [[Fifth Crusade|crusader army]] (from the ''[[Illuminated Chronicle]]'')]]
In July 1216, the newly elected [[Pope Honorius III]] once again called upon Andrew to fulfill his father's vow to lead a crusade.{{sfn|Bárány|2013|p=462}} Andrew, who had postponed the crusade at least three times (in 1201, 1209 and 1213), finally agreed.{{sfn|Van Cleve|1969|p=387}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|p=146}} [[Steven Runciman]], Tibor Almási and other modern historians say that Andrew hoped that his decision would increase his likelihood of being elected as Latin Emperor of Constantinople, because his wife's uncle, Emperor Henry, had died in June.{{sfn|Berend|Urbańczyk|Wiszewski|2013|p=441}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|p=146}}{{sfn|Almási|2012|p=87}} According to a letter written by Pope Honorius in 1217, envoys from the [[Latin Empire]] had actually informed Andrew that they planned to elect either him or his father-in-law, [[Peter II of Courtenay|Peter of Courtenay]], as emperor.{{sfn|Bárány|2013|p=463-465}} Nonetheless, the barons of the Latin Empire elected Peter of Courtenay in the summer of 1216.{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|p=146}}{{sfn|Almási|2012|pp=87–88}}{{sfn|Bárány|2013|p=463}}

Andrew sold and mortgaged royal estates to finance his campaign, which became part of the [[Fifth Crusade]].{{sfn|Van Cleve|1969|p=387}} He renounced his claim to Zadar in favor of the Republic of Venice so that he could secure shipping for his army.{{sfn|Magaš|2007|p=58}}{{sfn|Van Cleve|1969|p=387}} He entrusted Hungary to Archbishop John of Esztergom, and entrusted Croatia and Dalmatia to [[Pontius de Cruce]], the [[Priory of Vrana|Templar prior of Vrana]].{{sfn|Van Cleve|1969|p=387}} In July 1217, Andrew departed from [[Zagreb]], accompanied by Dukes [[Leopold VI of Austria]] and [[Otto I of Merania]].{{sfn|Van Cleve|1969|pp=387–388}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=133}} His army was so large{{mdash}}at least 10,000 mounted soldiers and uncountable infantrymen{{mdash}}that most of it stayed behind when Andrew and his men embarked in Split two months later.{{sfn|Van Cleve|1969|pp=387–388}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|pp=147–148}}{{sfn|Richard|1999|p=297}} The ships transported them to [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], where they landed in October.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=133}}

The leaders of the crusade included [[John of Brienne]], [[King of Jerusalem]], Leopold of Austria, the [[Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller|Grand Masters of the Hospitallers]], the [[Grand Masters of the Knights Templar|Templars]] and the [[Grand Masters of the Teutonic Knights|Teutonic Knights]]. They held a war council in Acre, with Andrew leading the meeting.{{sfn|Sterns|1985|p=358}} In early November, the Crusaders launched a campaign for the [[Jordan River]], forcing [[Al-Adil I]], [[Sultan of Egypt]], to withdraw without fighting; the crusaders then pillaged [[Beisan]].{{sfn|Van Cleve|1969|p=390}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|p=148}} After the crusaders returned to Acre, Andrew did not participate in any other military actions.{{sfn|Van Cleve|1969|p=393}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|pp=148–149}} Instead, he collected [[relic]]s, including a water jug allegedly used at the [[marriage at Cana]], the heads of [[Saint Stephen]] and [[Margaret the Virgin]], the right hands of the Apostles [[Thomas the Apostle|Thomas]] and [[Bartholomew]] and a part of [[Aaron's rod]].{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|pp=148–149}} If Thomas the Archdeacon's report of certain "evil and audacious men" in Acre who "treacherously passed him a poisoned drink"<ref name="autogenerated165">''Archdeacon Thomas of Split: History of the Bishops of Salona and Split'' (ch. 25.), p. 165.</ref> is reliable, Andrew's inactivity was because of illness.{{sfn|Van Cleve|1969|p=393}}

Andrew decided to return home at the very beginning of 1218, even though [[Raoul of Merencourt]], [[Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem]], threatened him with excommunication.{{sfn|Richard|1999|p=298}}{{sfn|Van Cleve|1969|pp=388, 393}} Andrew first visited [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]] and participated in the marriage of [[Bohemond IV of Antioch]] and [[Melisende of Lusignan]] on 10 January.{{sfn|Van Cleve|1969|p=393}} From Tripoli, he travelled to [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia|Cilicia]], where he and [[Leo I, King of Armenia|Leo I of Armenia]] betrothed Andrew's youngest son, [[Andrew of Hungary, Prince of Halych|Andrew]], and Leo's daughter, [[Isabella, Queen of Armenia|Isabella]].{{sfn|Van Cleve|1969|p=393}}{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=238}} Andrew proceeded through the [[Seljuk dynasty|Seldjuk]] [[Sultanate of Rum]] before arriving in [[Nicaea]] (now [[İznik]], Turkey).{{sfn|Van Cleve|1969|p=393}} His cousins (the sons of his uncle, Géza) attacked him when he was in Nicaea.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=238}} He arranged the marriage of his oldest son, Béla, to [[Maria Laskarina]], a daughter of Emperor [[Theodore I Laskaris]].{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=238}} When he arrived in Bulgaria, Andrew was detained until he "gave full surety that his daughter would be united in marriage"<ref name="autogenerated165"/> to [[Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria]], according to Thomas the Archdeacon.{{sfn|Bárány|2012|p=148}}{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=129}} Andrew returned to Hungary in late 1218.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=133}} Andrew's "crusade had achieved nothing and brought him no honor", according to historian Thomas Van Cleve.{{sfn|Van Cleve|1969|p=394}} [[Oliver of Paderborn]], [[James of Vitry]] and other 13th-century authors blamed Andrew for the failure of the crusade.{{sfn|Van Cleve|1969|p=394}} Stephen Donnachie says that "...from examining Honorius’s registers and the diplomatic communications between Andrew and the papal curia, Andrew’s genuine commitment to the crusade should not be doubted nor his extensive preparations for the campaign dismissed, even if he did ultimately bungle his opportunity."<ref>[https://reviews.history.ac.uk/review/2259 Donnachie, Stephen. "review of 'Curia and Crusade: Pope Honorius III and the Recovery of the Holy Land, 1216–1227'", (review no. 2259)]{{doi| 10.14296/RiH/2014/2259}} Date accessed: 4 January 2020</ref>

===Golden Bull (1218–1222)===
[[File:Aranybulla1.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A manuscript with a seal attached to it|The [[Golden Bull of 1222]]]]
When he returned to Hungary, Andrew complained to Pope Honorius that his kingdom was "in a miserable and destroyed state, deprived of all of its revenues."{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=54}} A group of barons had even expelled Archbishop John from Hungary.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=133}} Andrew was in massive debt because of his crusade, which forced him to impose extraordinarily high taxes and debase coinage.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=54}} In 1218 or 1219, Mstislav Mstislavich invaded Halych and captured Andrew's son, Coloman.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=134}}{{sfn|Dimnik|2003|pp=289–290}} Andrew compromised with Mstislavich. Coloman was released, and Andrew's youngest son and namesake was betrothed to Mstislavich's daughter.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=134}} In 1220, a group of lords persuaded Andrew to make his eldest son, Béla, the duke of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=238}}{{sfn|Berend|Urbańczyk|Wiszewski|2013|p=425}}

Andrew employed [[Jews in Hungary|Jews]] and [[Böszörmény|Muslims]] to administer royal revenues, which caused a discord between Andrew and the Holy See starting in the early 1220s.{{sfn|Engel|2001|pp=96–97}}{{sfn|Berend|2006|p=152}} Pope Honorius urged Andrew and Queen Yolanda to prohibit Muslims from employing Christians.{{sfn|Berend|2006|p=152}} Andrew confirmed the privileges of clergymen, including their exemption from taxes and [[Privilegium fori|their right to be exclusively judged by church courts]], but also prohibited the [[consecration]] of ''[[udvornici]]'', [[castle folk]] and other serfs in early 1222.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=135}}{{sfn|Bartl|Čičaj|Kohútova|Letz|2002|pp=30–31}} However, a new conflict emerged between Andrew and the Holy See after he persuaded Béla to separate from his wife, Maria Laskarina.{{sfn|Bárány|2012|p=150}} An "immense crowd" approached Andrew around April 1222, demanding "grave and unjust things", according to a letter of Pope Honorius.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=94}} Actually, the [[Royal servant (Kingdom of Hungary)|royal servants]]{{mdash}}who were landowners directly subject to the monarch's power and obliged to fight in the royal army{{mdash}}assembled, forcing Andrew to dismiss [[Julius I Kán|Julius Kán]] and his other officials. Andrew was also forced to issue a royal charter, the [[Golden Bull of 1222]].{{sfn|Engel|2001|pp=85, 94}} The charter summarized the liberties of the royal servants, including their exemption from taxes and the jurisdiction of the ''[[ispán]]s''.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=94}}{{sfn|Berend|Urbańczyk|Wiszewski|2013|pp=428–429}} The last clause of the Golden Bull authorized "the bishops as well as the other barons and nobles of the realm, singularly and in common" to resist the monarch if he did not honor the provisions of the charter.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=94}}{{sfn|Berend|Urbańczyk|Wiszewski|2013|p=429}} The Golden Bull clearly distinguished the royal servants from the king's other subjects, which led to the rise of the [[Hungarian nobility]].{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=94}} The Golden Bull is commonly compared with England's ''[[Magna Carta]]'' – a similar charter which was sealed a few years earlier in 1215.{{sfn|Ertman|1997|p=273}} A significant difference between them is that, in England, the settlement strengthened the position of all the royal subjects but, in Hungary, the aristocracy came to dominate both the crown and the lower orders.{{sfn|Ertman|1997|pp=273&ndash;4}}

===Conflicts with son and the Church (1222–1234)===

Andrew discharged Palatine [[Theodore Csanád]] and restored Julius Kán in the second half of 1222.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=137}} The following year, Pope Honorius urged Andrew to launch a new crusade.{{sfn|Bárány|2012|p=151}} If the report of the ''Continuatio Claustroneuburgensis'' is reliable, Andrew took the cross to show that he intended to launch a new crusade, but no other sources mention this event.{{sfn|Bárány|2012|p=151}} Andrew planned to arrange a new marriage for his eldest son, Béla, but Pope Honorius mediated a reconciliation between Béla and his wife in the autumn of 1223.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=137}}{{sfn|Bárány|2012|p=150}} This angered Andrew, and Béla fled to Austria. He returned in 1224 after the bishops persuaded Andrew to forgive him.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=137}}

In his ''[[Diploma Andreanum]]'' of 1224, Andrew confirmed the privileges of the "[[Transylvanian Saxons|Saxons]]" who inhabited the region of [[Hermannstadt]] in southern Transylvania (now [[Sibiu]], Romania).{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=403}}{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=114}} The following year, he launched a campaign against the Teutonic Knights, who had attempted to eliminate his suzerainty. The Knights were forced to leave [[Barcaság]] and the neighboring lands.{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=403}}{{sfn|Spinei|2009|p=147}} Andrew's envoys and Leopold VI of Austria signed a treaty on 6 June, which ended the armed conflicts along the Hungarian-Austrian border. As part of the treaty, Leopold VI paid an indemnification for the damages that his troops had caused in Hungary.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=138}} Andrew made his oldest son, Béla, [[Duke of Transylvania]]. Béla's former duchy was given to Andrew's second son, Coloman, in 1226.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=138}} Duke Béla started expanding his suzerainty over the [[Cumans]], who inhabited the lands east of the Carpathian Mountains.{{sfn|Curta|2006|pp=405–405}}{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=95}} Andrew launched a campaign against Mstislav Mstislavich in 1226 because the latter refused to grant Halych to Andrew's youngest son despite a previous compromise.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=138}} Andrew besieged and captured [[Przemyśl]], [[Terebovl]], and other fortresses in Halych.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=138}} However, his troops were routed at [[Kremenets]] and Zvenigorod, forcing him to withdraw.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=138}} Despite his victories, Mstislavich ceded Halych to Andrew's son in early 1227.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=138}}

[[File:Andrew II (Millennium Monument).jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=A crowned man holding a sealed document|Andrew's statute on [[Hősök tere|Heroes' Square]] in [[Budapest]]]]

In 1228, Andrew authorized his son, Béla, to revise his previous land grants.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=139}} Pope Honorius also supported Béla's efforts.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=139}} Béla confiscated the domains of two noblemen, [[Simon Kacsics]] and Bánk Bár-Kalán, who had taken part in the conspiracy to murder Queen Gertrude.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=139}} In 1229, upon Béla's proposal, Andrew confirmed the privileges of the Cuman chieftains who had subjected themselves to Béla.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=140}} [[Robert, Archbishop of Esztergom]], made a complaint about Andrew to the Holy See, because Andrew continued to employ Jews and Muslims.{{sfn|Berend|2006|p=155}} [[Pope Gregory IX]] authorized the archbishop to perform acts of religious censure to persuade Andrew to dismiss his non-Christian officials.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=141}} Under duress, Andrew issued a new Golden Bull in 1231, which confirmed that Muslims were banned from employment, and empowered the Archbishop of Esztergom to excommunicate the king if he failed to honor the provisions of the new Golden Bull.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=141}}{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=94}}{{sfn|Berend|2006|pp=154–155}} In the second half of the year, Andrew invaded Halych and restored his youngest son, Andrew, to the throne.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=141}}

Archbishop Robert excommunicated Palatine Denis and put Hungary under an [[interdict]] on 25 February 1232, because the employment of Jews and Muslims continued despite the Golden Bull of 1231.{{sfn|Berend|2006|p=157}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=142}} Since the archbishop accused the Muslims of persuading Andrew to seize church property, Andrew restored properties to the archbishop, who soon suspended the interdict.{{sfn|Berend|2006|p=157}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=142}} Upon Andrew's demand, Pope Gregory sent Cardinal [[Giacomo di Pecorari (cardinal)|Giacomo di Pecorari]] as his legate to Hungary and promised that nobody would be excommunicated without the pope's special authorization.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=142}} Although Andrew departed for Halych to support his youngest son in a fight against Daniel Romanivich, he continued his negotiations with the papal legate.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=143}} On 20 August 1233, in the forests of [[Bereg County|Bereg]], he [[Oath of Bereg|vowed]] that he would not employ Jews and Muslims to administrate royal revenues, and would pay 10,000 marks as compensation for usurped Church revenues.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=94}}{{sfn|Berend|2006|pp=158–159}} Andrew repeated his oath in [[Esztergom]] in September.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=143}}

Andrew and [[Frederick II, Duke of Austria]], signed a peace treaty in late 1233.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=143}} Andrew, who had been widowed, married the 23-year-old [[Beatrice d'Este, Queen of Hungary|Beatrice d'Este]] on 14 May 1234, even though his sons were sharply opposed to his third marriage.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=243}} [[John of Wildeshausen|John, Bishop of Bosnia]], put Hungary under a new interdict in the first half of 1234, because Andrew had not dismissed his non-Christian officials despite his oath of Bereg.{{sfn|Berend|2006|p=160}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=144}} Andrew and Archbishop Robert of Esztergom protested against the bishop's act at the Holy See.{{sfn|Berend|2006|p=160}}

===Last years (1234–1235)===

Danilo Romanovich laid siege to Halych, and Andrew's youngest son died during the siege in the autumn of 1234.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=144}} However, Andrew stormed Austria in the summer of 1235, forcing Duke Frederick to pay an indemnification for damages that his troops had caused while raiding Hungary.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=144}} Upon Andrew's demand, Pope Gregory declared on 31 August that Andrew and his sons could only be excommunicated by the authorization of the Holy See.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=144}} Andrew died on 21 September,{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=98}} and was buried in [[Egres Abbey]].{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=244}}