Editing Andhra Pradesh (section)

=== Modern history ===
{{See also|Andhra State|Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)}}
[[File:India1765and1805b.jpg|thumb|Parts of Andhra Pradesh in 1765 (left) ruled by [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]], [[Carnatic Sultanate]], British [[East India Company]] and [[Kingdom of Mysore]] and transformation to British East India Company rule by 1801 (map dated 1805) (right)]]

Following the defeat of the Vijayanagara Empire, the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]] held sway over most of present-day general Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Later, this region came under the rule of the Mughal Empire.<ref name="Richards">{{Cite journal|last=Richards|first=J. F.|title=The Hyderabad Karnatik, 1687–1707|year=1975 |journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]] |volume=9|issue=2|pages=241–260|doi=10.1017/S0026749X00004996|s2cid=142989123| issn = 0026-749X}}</ref> [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Chin Qilich Khan]] who was initially appointed as viceroy of Deccan by the Mughal in 1713, established himself as a semi-independent ruler as [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] .{{Sfn|Faruqui, At Empire's End|2013|pp=9–13}} In 1765, British Lord [[Robert Clive]] obtained from the Mughal emperor [[Shah Alam II]] a grant of four circars to the British East India Company, that was formalised in 1778 treaty with Nizam Ali, the 5th Nizam of Hyderabad state with addition of another circar. Later, four territories were ceded to the British by Nizam Ali in 1800, which eventually became the Rayalaseema region.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=T. |first1=Bhujang Rao |title=The ceded districts, the circars, and the Nizam |journal=Triveni Journal |year=1940 |url=https://trivenijournal.org/CD%20&%20WEB/TheCededDistrictstheCircarsandtheNizamoct40.html |access-date=20 August 2024}}</ref> Meanwhile, in the present day North Andhra, Raja Viziaram Raz (Vijayaram Raj) established a [[Vizianagaram Estate|sovereign kingdom]] and acquired neighbouring estates with the support of British. Later it fell out with the British and, as a result, was attacked and defeated in the [[battle of Padmanabham]] in 1794. It was annexed as a tributary estate like other principalities and remained so until it acceded to the [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]] in 1949.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V24_345.gif|title=Imperial gazetteer of India v. 24|pages=339–341|access-date=31 May 2023|archive-date=4 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604191302/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V24_345.gif|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the annexation of Carnatic sultanate in 1801, the last major piece of the present day Andhra Pradesh came under British East India Company rule as part of [[Madras Presidency]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=British annexation of the Carnatic, 1801 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44138505 |last=K. |first=Rajayyan |issue=2 |volume=32 |pages=54–62 |year=1970 |jstor=44138505 |access-date=18 July 2024}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> After the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the region became part of [[British Raj|British crown]] till [[Indian independence movement|India became independent]] in 1947.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Nizam-British relations, 1724–1857|publisher=Concept Publishing| pages=130–150|isbn=978-81-7022-195-1|last=Regani|first=Sarojini|year=1988}}</ref>
[[File:Dowleswaram Barrage.jpg|left|thumb|[[Dowleswaram Barrage]] built in 1850 by [[Arthur Cotton]]]]
Anicut at [[Dowleswaram Barrage|Dowleswaram]] built in 1850 by [[Arthur Cotton]]<ref name="hope">{{Cite book |last1=Hope |first1=Elizabeth |title=General Sir Arthur Cotton, R. E., K. C. S. I.: His life and work |year=1900 |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |location=London |isbn=978-1444629965 |page=[https://archive.org/details/generalsirarthur01hope/page/120 120] |url=https://archive.org/details/generalsirarthur01hope |quote=dowleswaram. |access-date=26 December 2018}}</ref> and several others at Vijayawada, Nellore, Sangam, Sunkesula, and Polampalli are examples of irrigation facilities built during the British raj, that irrigated lacs of acres across coastal districts.<ref name="wrd-aboutus"/> Buckingham Canal built during 1806–1878, running parallel to the Coramandal coast from Kakinada to Marakkanam in Tamil Nadu served as a major water transportation route for goods till the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=K. |first1=Venkateshwarlu |title=An ambitious plan to revive the Buckingham Canal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/long-live-the-canal/article19429503.ece |access-date=24 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 August 2017}}</ref> Telegraph service initiated in 1850 served for over 160 years till it was stopped on 15 July 2013 citing poor patronage due to advances in mobile communications and short message service.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Telegram is dead |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/telegram-is-dead/article4915659.ece |work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=24 August 2024 |date=15 July 2013}}</ref> [[Charles Philip Brown]] did pioneering work in transforming Telugu to the print era and introduced [[Vemana]] poems to English readers.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Peter L. Schmitthenner|title=Telugu resurgence: C.P. Brown and cultural consolidation in nineteenth-century South India |year=2001|publisher=Manohar|isbn=978-81-7304-291-1|page=94|url=https://archive.org/details/teluguresurgence0000schm}}</ref> [[Kandukuri Veeresalingam]] is considered the father of the Telugu renaissance movement, as he encouraged the education of women and lower caste people. He fought against Brahmin marriage customs such as child marriage, the bride price system, and the prohibition of widow remarriage.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=John Leonard |editor1-last=Jones |editor1-first=Kenneth W |title=Religious controversy in British India |date=1992 |publisher=SUNY Press |url=https://sites.socsci.uci.edu/~kbleonar/bio/Karen%20Religious%20Controversy%20in%20British%20India%20.pdf |access-date=6 August 2024|chapter=Viresalingam and the idea of Social change in Andhra |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806104944/https://sites.socsci.uci.edu/~kbleonar/bio/Karen%20Religious%20Controversy%20in%20British%20India%20.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Potti Sreeramulu.png|thumb|left|[[Potti Sreeramulu]], whose fast unto death in 1952 led to the formation of [[Andhra State]]]]
To gain an independent state based on linguistic identity and to protect the interests of the Telugu-speaking people of [[Madras State]], [[Potti Sreeramulu]] fasted to death in 1952. The Telugu-speaking area of [[Andhra State]] was carved out of Madras state on 1 October 1953, with [[Kurnool]] as its capital city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Struggle for Andhra state – AP state portal|url=https://www.ap.gov.in/?page_id=228|access-date=20 July 2020|archive-date=15 June 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200615190824/https://www.ap.gov.in/?page_id=228|url-status=dead}}</ref> On the basis of the [[Gentlemen's Agreement of 1956]], the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|States reorganisation act]] created [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]] by merging the neighbouring Telugu-speaking areas of the [[Hyderabad State]] with [[Hyderabad]] as the capital on 1 November 1956.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html#Emergence |title=Post-independence era, then and now |publisher=aponline.gov.in |access-date=3 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220113947/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html |archive-date=20 December 2013 }}</ref> Hyderabad grew rapidly partly through investments flowing in from agrarian change and 'green revolution' in coastal Andhra.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2007/nov/13spec1.htm |title=Local origins of Hyderabad's development |date=13 November 2007 |access-date=17 July 2024 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |last=Barua |first=Sanjay |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717050415/https://www.rediff.com/money/2007/nov/13spec1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the unified state, [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) enjoyed a monopoly in ruling the state till 1983. After that [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP) led by [[N. T. Rama Rao]] (NTR) came to power and became another major party to rule the state.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/nt-rama-rao-a-timeline/article62061789.ece |title=N.T. Rama Rao: A timeline |date=28 May 2017 |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601112102/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/nt-rama-rao-a-timeline/article62061789.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam]] commissioned in 1967, [[Srisailam Dam|Srisailam hydro electric project]] commissioned in 1982 are few examples of irrigation and electricity projects.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/wrd/static/approjects/Nagarjuna.html |title=Nagarjuna Sagar Dam |access-date=18 July 2024 |website=Water resources department |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416064910/https://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/wrd/static/approjects/Nagarjuna.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=V. |first=Raghavendra |date=6 August 2023 |title=AP-Genco plans capital overhaul of Srisailam right bank powerhouse in phases |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ap-genco-plans-capital-overhaul-of-srisailam-right-bank-power-house-in-phases/article67164609.ece |access-date=19 July 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809105425/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ap-genco-plans-capital-overhaul-of-srisailam-right-bank-power-house-in-phases/article67164609.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The increased presence of women, Dalits, and tribals in the social and political spheres of the state, driven by social movements, led to a rise in violence against these groups. Securing access to resources like land remains an unachieved objective in the effort to expand their economic opportunities in the state.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Human development report 2007 – Andhra Pradesh |date=2008 |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |location=Hyderabad |pages=19–32 |url=https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/in/human_revelop_report_andhra_pradesh_2007_full_report.pdf |access-date=25 August 2024}}</ref> When the union cabinet decided to consider the formation of Telangana state in 2009 heeding to the demand of [[Telangana movement|relaunched Telangana movement]], [[Samaikyandhra Movement]] opposing it took shape and the state went through a turmoil.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hyderabad on the edge; APNGOs meet today |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/hyderabad-on-the-edge-apngos-meet-today/article5101666.ece |access-date=19 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 September 2013}}</ref> Finally, the [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014|Andhra Pradesh reorganisation act]] bill was passed by the [[parliament of India]] for the formation of the Telangana state, despite opposition by the state legislature.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-challenge-to-indian-federalism/article5278609.ece |title=A challenge to Indian federalism |date=28 October 2013 |access-date=20 June 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]] |author=Jayaprakash Narayan |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620002607/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-challenge-to-indian-federalism/article5278609.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The new state of Telangana came into existence on 2 June 2014 after approval from the [[president of India]], with the residual state continuing as Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Telangana-State-to-Be-Born-on-June-2/2014/03/04/article2090470.ece|title=Telangana state formation gazette|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=14 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706093144/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Telangana-State-to-Be-Born-on-June-2/2014/03/04/article2090470.ece|archive-date=6 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

TDP formed the first government of the residual state with Chandrababu Naidu as chief minister.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/naidu-takes-oath-as-andhra-pradesh-cm/article6094917.ece|title=Naidu takes oath as Andhra Pradesh CM|date=8 June 2014 |access-date=6 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610025100/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/naidu-takes-oath-as-andhra-pradesh-cm/article6094917.ece |archive-date=10 June 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access= subscription|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, [[Government of Andhra Pradesh|the government of Andhra Pradesh]] began operating from its new greenfield capital, [[Amaravati]], for which 33,000 acres were acquired from farmers through an innovative land pooling scheme.<ref>{{Cite news|last=P|first=Ashish|date=2 March 2017|title=Chief Minister Chandrababu Naidu inaugurates new Andhra Pradesh assembly|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/new-andhra-pradesh-assembly-chandrababu-naidu-velagapudi-guntur-district-963618-2017-03-02|access-date=9 March 2021|work=India Today|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414060454/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/new-andhra-pradesh-assembly-chandrababu-naidu-velagapudi-guntur-district-963618-2017-03-02|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 elections]], [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]], leader of the [[YSR Congress Party]], became the chief minister by winning 151 out of 175 seats.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jagan Mohan Reddy sworn in as Andhra Pradesh CM |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/jagan-mohan-reddy-sworn-in-as-andhra-pradesh-cm/article27316397.ece |access-date=19 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 May 2019}}</ref> He introduced the 'village and ward volunteers' system,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jagan rolls out grama and ward volunteer system |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/jagan-asks-volunteers-to-rise-and-shine/article29103714.ece |date=15 August 2019 |access-date=15 July 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=15 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715003522/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/jagan-asks-volunteers-to-rise-and-shine/article29103714.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> and reorganised the state with 26 districts.<ref name="apreorg-2022">{{Cite news |last1=V. |first1=Raghavendra |title=Jagan launches 13 new districts of Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/thirteen-new-districts-come-into-existence-in-andhra-pradesh/article65289032.ece |access-date=21 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 April 2022}}</ref> Introduction of English as the medium of instruction was done in almost all the state schools. The move to three capitals with Amaravati getting reduced to being the legislative capital, Vizag as the executive capital and Kurnool as the judicial capital was stuck down by the High Court. His government appealed to the Supreme Court.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Supreme Court to examine if A.P. can insist on compulsory English medium education |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/supreme-court-to-examine-if-ap-can-insist-on-compulsory-english-medium-education/article32512075.ece |date=3 September 2020 |access-date=15 July 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903184404/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/supreme-court-to-examine-if-ap-can-insist-on-compulsory-english-medium-education/article32512075.ece |archive-date=3 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Three capitals case: Supreme Court adjourns hearing of SLP filed by A.P. govt. to December |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/three-capitals-case-supreme-court-adjourns-hearing-of-slp-filed-by-ap-govt-to-december/article67071078.ece |last=V |first=Raghavendra |date=12 July 2023 |access-date=15 July 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713032159/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/three-capitals-case-supreme-court-adjourns-hearing-of-slp-filed-by-ap-govt-to-december/article67071078.ece|archive-date=13 July 2023}}</ref>