Editing Ancient Greek philosophy (section)

=== Heraclitus ===
{{Main|Heraclitus}}
Heraclitus must have lived after Xenophanes and Pythagoras, as he condemns them along with [[Homer]] as proving that much learning cannot teach a man to think; since [[Parmenides]] refers to him in the past tense, this would place him in the 5th century BC.<ref>Burnet, ''Greek Philosophy'', 57.</ref> Contrary to the [[Milesian school]], which posits one stable [[Classical element|element]] as the ''[[arche]]'', Heraclitus taught that ''[[Panta rhei (Heraclitus)|panta rhei]]'' ("everything flows"), the closest element to this eternal flux being fire. All things come to pass in accordance with ''Logos'',<ref>DK B1.</ref> which must be considered as "plan" or "formula",<ref>pp. 419ff., [[W.K.C. Guthrie]], ''A History of Greek Philosophy'', vol. 1, Cambridge University Press, 1962.</ref> and "the ''Logos'' is common".<ref>DK B2.</ref> He also posited a [[unity of opposites]], expressed through [[dialectic]], which structured this flux, such as that seeming opposites in fact are manifestations of a common substrate to good and evil itself.<ref>Burnet, ''Greek Philosophy'', 57–63.</ref>

Heraclitus called the oppositional processes ἔρις (''[[Eris (mythology)|eris]]''), "strife", and hypothesized that the apparently stable state of δίκη (''[[Dike (mythology)|dikê]]''), or "justice", is the [[Harmonia (mythology)|harmonic]] unity of these opposites.<ref>DK B80</ref>