Editing Anatolia (section)

===Prehistoric Anatolia===
[[File:Göbeklitepe_Şanlıurfa.jpg|thumb|The [[henge]]s in [[Göbekli Tepe]] were erected as far back as 9600 BC.]]
{{main|Prehistory of Anatolia}}

Human habitation in Anatolia dates back to the [[Paleolithic]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stiner |first=Mary C. |author2=Kuhn, Steven L. |author3= Güleç, Erksin |title=Early Upper Paleolithic shell beads at Üçağızlı Cave I (Turkey): Technology and the socioeconomic context of ornament life-histories |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=64 |issue=5 |pages=380–98 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.01.008 |issn=0047-2484 |year=2013 |pmid=23481346|bibcode=2013JHumE..64..380S }}</ref> Neolithic settlements include [[Çatalhöyük]], [[Çayönü]], [[Nevali Cori]], [[Aşıklı Höyük]], [[Boncuklu Höyük]], [[Hacilar]], [[Göbekli Tepe]], [[Norşuntepe]], [[Köşk Höyük]], and [[Yumuktepe]]. Çatalhöyük (7.000 BCE) is considered the most advanced of these.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Whitehouse |first1=Harvey |last2=Martin |first2=Luther H. |title=Theorizing Religions Past: Archaeology, History, and Cognition |date=2004 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=978-0-7591-0621-5 |page=38 |language=en}}</ref> Recent advances in archaeogenetics have confirmed that the [[History of agriculture|spread of agriculture]] from the Middle East to Europe was strongly correlated with the [[Pre-modern human migration|migration]] of [[Early European Farmers|early farmers from Anatolia]] about 9,000 years ago, and was not just a cultural exchange.<ref>{{cite news |last=Curry |first=Andrew |date=August 2019 |title=The first Europeans weren't who you might think |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/first-europeans-immigrants-genetic-testing-feature |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319032852/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/first-europeans-immigrants-genetic-testing-feature |archive-date=19 March 2021 |work=National Geographic}}</ref> Anatolian Neolithic farmers derived most of their ancestry from local [[Anatolian hunter-gatherers]], suggesting that agriculture was adopted in site by these hunter-gatherers and not spread by [[demic diffusion]] into the region.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Krause |first1=Johannes |last2=Jeong |first2=Choongwon |last3=Haak |first3=Wolfgang |last4=Posth |first4=Cosimo |last5=Stockhammer |first5=Philipp W. |last6=Mustafaoğlu |first6=Gökhan |last7=Fairbairn |first7=Andrew |last8=Bianco |first8=Raffaela A. |last9=Julia Gresky |date=19 March 2019 |title=Late Pleistocene human genome suggests a local origin for the first farmers of central Anatolia |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=1218 |bibcode=2019NatCo..10.1218F |doi=10.1038/s41467-019-09209-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=6425003 |pmid=30890703 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Anatolian derived Neolithic Farmers would subsequently spread across Europe, as far west as the Iberian Peninsula and the British Isles,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brace |first1=Selina |last2=Diekmann |first2=Yoan |last3=Booth |first3=Thomas J. |last4=van Dorp |first4=Lucy |last5=Faltyskova |first5=Zuzana |last6=Rohland |first6=Nadin |last7=Mallick |first7=Swapan |last8=Olalde |first8=Iñigo |last9=Ferry |first9=Matthew |last10=Michel |first10=Megan |last11=Oppenheimer |first11=Jonas |last12=Broomandkhoshbacht |first12=Nasreen |last13=Stewardson |first13=Kristin |last14=Martiniano |first14=Rui |last15=Walsh |first15=Susan |date=15 April 2019 |title=Ancient genomes indicate population replacement in Early Neolithic Britain |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |language=en |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=765–771 |doi=10.1038/s41559-019-0871-9 |issn=2397-334X |pmc=6520225 |pmid=30988490|bibcode=2019NatEE...3..765B }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Olalde |first1=Iñigo |last2=Mallick |first2=Swapan |last3=Patterson |first3=Nick |last4=Rohland |first4=Nadin |last5=Villalba-Mouco |first5=Vanessa |last6=Silva |first6=Marina |last7=Dulias |first7=Katharina |last8=Edwards |first8=Ceiridwen J. |last9=Gandini |first9=Francesca |last10=Pala |first10=Maria |last11=Soares |first11=Pedro |last12=Ferrando-Bernal |first12=Manuel |last13=Adamski |first13=Nicole |last14=Broomandkhoshbacht |first14=Nasreen |last15=Cheronet |first15=Olivia |date=15 March 2019 |title=The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years |journal=Science |language=en |volume=363 |issue=6432 |pages=1230–1234 |doi=10.1126/science.aav4040 |issn=0036-8075 |pmc=6436108 |pmid=30872528|bibcode=2019Sci...363.1230O }}</ref> as well as to the [[Maghreb]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Simões |first1=Luciana G. |last2=Günther |first2=Torsten |last3=Martínez-Sánchez |first3=Rafael M. |last4=Vera-Rodríguez |first4=Juan Carlos |last5=Iriarte |first5=Eneko |last6=Rodríguez-Varela |first6=Ricardo |last7=Bokbot |first7=Youssef |last8=Valdiosera |first8=Cristina |last9=Jakobsson |first9=Mattias |date=15 June 2023 |title=Northwest African Neolithic initiated by migrants from Iberia and Levant |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=618 |issue=7965 |pages=550–556 |bibcode=2023Natur.618..550S |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06166-6 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=10266975 |pmid=37286608}}</ref> Most modern Europeans derive a significant part of their ancestry from these Neolithic Anatolian farmers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Allentoft |first1=Morten E. |last2=Sikora |first2=Martin |last3=Refoyo-Martínez |first3=Alba |last4=Irving-Pease |first4=Evan K. |last5=Fischer |first5=Anders |last6=Barrie |first6=William |last7=Ingason |first7=Andrés |last8=Stenderup |first8=Jesper |last9=Sjögren |first9=Karl-Göran |last10=Pearson |first10=Alice |last11=Sousa da Mota |first11=Bárbara |last12=Schulz Paulsson |first12=Bettina |last13=Halgren |first13=Alma |last14=Macleod |first14=Ruairidh |last15=Jørkov |first15=Marie Louise Schjellerup |date=11 January 2024 |title=Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=625 |issue=7994 |pages=301–311 |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06865-0 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=10781627 |pmid=38200295|bibcode=2024Natur.625..301A }}</ref>

[[Neolithic]] Anatolia has been [[Anatolian hypothesis|proposed]] as the [[Urheimat|homeland]] of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language family]], although linguists tend to favour a [[Kurgan hypothesis|later origin]] in the steppes north of the Black Sea. However, it is clear that the [[Anatolian languages]], the earliest attested branch of Indo-European, have been spoken in Anatolia since at least the 19th century BCE.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indo-European Daughter Languages: Anatolian|url=https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesMiddEast/AnatoliaLanguage01.htm|access-date=26 January 2021|website=www.historyfiles.co.uk|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513212533/https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesMiddEast/AnatoliaLanguage01.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Anatolian languages|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Anatolian-languages|access-date=26 January 2021|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906190429/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Anatolian-languages|url-status=live}}</ref>