Editing Anarchism and violence (section)

== Notable actions ==
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* '''July 23, 1892'''&nbsp;– [[Alexander Berkman]] tries to kill American industrialist [[Henry Clay Frick]] in retaliation for the hiring of [[Pinkerton National Detective Agency|Pinkerton detectives]] to break up the [[Homestead Strike]], resulting in the deaths of seven striking members of the [[Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers]]. Although badly wounded, Frick survives, and Berkman is arrested and eventually sentenced to 22 years in prison.<ref name="Gage2009">{{cite book|last=Gage|first=Beverly|title=The Day Wall Street Exploded: A Story of America in its First Age of Terror|url=https://archive.org/details/daywallstreetexp0000gage|url-access=registration|location=New York|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0199759286|pages=[https://archive.org/details/daywallstreetexp0000gage/page/59 59–60]}}</ref>
[[Image:Liceubomb.jpg|thumb|Explosion of Liceu of Barcelona by the anarchist Santiago Salvador in the cover of the newspaper ''Le Petit Journal'', November 7, 1893<ref name="Law2009"/>]]
* '''November 7, 1893'''&nbsp;– The Spanish anarchist Santiago Salvador throws two [[Orsini bomb]]s into the [[orchestra pit]] of the [[Liceu|Liceu Theater]] in [[Barcelona]] during the second act of the opera ''[[William Tell (opera)|Guillaume Tell]]'', killing some twenty people and injuring scores of others.<ref name="Law2009">{{cite book |last= Law|first=Randall D.|date=2009 |title=Terrorism: A History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I1sXp8D80V0C&pg=PA107|publisher=Polity|page=107 |isbn=978-0745640389}}</ref>
* '''December 9, 1893'''&nbsp;– [[Auguste Vaillant]] throws a [[nail bomb]] in the [[French National Assembly]], killing nobody and injuring one. He is then sentenced to death and executed by the [[guillotine]] on February 4, 1894, shouting "Death to bourgeois society and long live anarchy!" (''À mort la société bourgeoise et vive l'anarchie!''). During his trial, Vaillant declares that he had not intended to kill anybody, but only to injure several deputies in retaliation against the execution of [[Ravachol]], who was executed for four bombings.<ref name="Abidor">{{cite book |last= Abidor|first=Mitchell|date=2016 |title=Death to Bourgeois Society: The Propagandists of the Deed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ELZHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT7|publisher=PM Press |isbn=978-1629631127}}</ref>
* '''February 12, 1894'''&nbsp;– [[Émile Henry (anarchist)|Émile Henry]], intending to avenge Auguste Vaillant, sets off a bomb in ''Café Terminus'' (a café near the [[Gare Saint-Lazare]] train station in Paris), killing one and injuring twenty. During his trial, when asked why he wanted to harm so many innocent people, he declares, "There is no innocent bourgeois." This act is one of the rare exceptions to the rule that propaganda by deed targets only specific powerful individuals. Henry was convicted and executed by guillotine on May 21.<ref name="Abidor"/>
* '''February 15, 1894'''&nbsp;– A chemical explosive carried by [[Martial Bourdin]] prematurely detonates outside the [[Royal Observatory, Greenwich]] in [[Greenwich Park]], killing him.<ref>{{ cite web | title = Propaganda by Deed - the Greenwich Observatory Bomb of 1894 | url = http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/astronomy-and-time/astronomy-facts/history/propaganda-by-deed-the-greenwich-observatory-bomb-of-1894 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130217012429/http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/astronomy-and-time/astronomy-facts/history/propaganda-by-deed-the-greenwich-observatory-bomb-of-1894 | url-status = dead | archive-date = February 17, 2013 }}</ref>
* '''June 24, 1894'''&nbsp;– Italian anarchist [[Sante Geronimo Caserio]], seeking revenge for Auguste Vaillant and Émile Henry, stabs [[Marie François Sadi Carnot|Sadi Carnot]], the [[President of France]], to death. Caserio is executed by guillotine on August 15.<ref name="Abidor"/>
[[File:Angiolillo-assassinato.jpg|thumb|Assassination of Spanish Prime Minister [[Antonio Cánovas del Castillo]] by [[Michele Angiolillo]] in August 1897.<ref name="Esenwein"/>]]
* '''August 8, 1897'''&nbsp;– [[Michele Angiolillo]] shoots dead [[Prime Minister of Spain|Spanish Prime Minister]] [[Antonio Cánovas del Castillo]]  at a thermal bath resort, seeking vengeance for the imprisonment and torture of alleged revolutionaries in the [[Montjuïc trial]]. Angiolillo is executed by [[garotte]] on August 20.<ref name="Esenwein">{{cite book |last= Esenwein|first=George Richard|date=1989 |title=Anarchist Ideology and the Working-class Movement in Spain, 1868–1898|publisher=University of California Press|page=197 |isbn=978-0520063983}}</ref>
[[File:Assassinato luigi.jpg|thumb|An artist's rendition of the stabbing of [[Empress Elisabeth of Austria]] by the Italian anarchist [[Luigi Lucheni]] in Geneva, September 10, 1898.<ref name="Newton2014"/>]]
[[File:McKinleyAssassination.jpg|thumb|right|A sketch of [[Leon Czolgosz]] shooting [[William McKinley|McKinley]] in New York, September 6, 1901.<ref name="Weir2013"/>]]
* '''September 10, 1898'''&nbsp;– [[Luigi Lucheni]] stabs to death [[Empress Elisabeth of Austria|Empress Elisabeth]], the consort of Emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph I]] of [[Austria-Hungary]], with a needle file in [[Geneva]], Switzerland. Lucheni is sentenced to life in prison and eventually commits suicide in his cell.<ref name="Newton2014">{{cite book |last= Newton|first=Michael|date=2014 |title=Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|page=134 |isbn=978-1610692854}}</ref>
* '''July 29, 1900'''&nbsp;– [[Gaetano Bresci]] shoots dead [[Umberto I of Italy|King Umberto]] of Italy, in revenge for the [[Bava Beccaris massacre]] in [[Milan]]. Due to the abolition of [[capital punishment]] in Italy, Bresci is sentenced to penal servitude for life on [[Santo Stefano Island]], where he is found dead less than a year later.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hill|first=Rebecca|date=2009|title=Men, Mobs, and Law: Anti-Lynching and Labor Defense in U.S. Radical History|url=https://archive.org/details/menmobslawantily01hill/page/167|publisher=Duke University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/menmobslawantily01hill/page/167 167]|isbn=978-0822342809}}</ref>
* '''September 6, 1901'''&nbsp;– [[Leon Czolgosz]] [[Assassination of William McKinley|fatally shoots]] U.S. President [[William McKinley]] at point-blank range at the [[Pan-American Exposition]] in [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]], [[New York (state)|New York]]. McKinley dies on September 14, and Czolgosz is executed by [[electric chair]] on October 29. Czolgosz's anarchist views have been debated.<ref name="Weir2013">{{cite book |last=Weir|first=Robert E. |date= 2013|title=Workers in America: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=39 |isbn=978-1598847185}}</ref>
* '''November 15, 1902'''&nbsp;– [[Gennaro Rubino]] attempts to murder King [[Leopold II of Belgium]] as he returns in a procession from a [[Requiem Mass]] for his recently deceased wife, [[Marie Henriette of Austria|Queen Marie Henriette]]. All three of Rubino's shots miss the monarch's carriage, and he is quickly subdued by the crowd and taken into police custody. He is sentenced to life imprisonment and dies in prison in 1918.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Edward Joris: Caught Between Continents and Ideologies?|first=Maarten|last=Van Ginderachter|title=To Kill a Sultan: A Transnational History of the Attempt on Abdülhamid II|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4w9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA77|isbn=978-1137489319|editor-last1=Alloul|editor-first1=Houssine|editor-last2=Eldem|editor-first2=Edhem|editor-last3=Smaele|editor-first3=Henk de|year=2017|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|page=77}}</ref>
* '''July 21, 1905'''&nbsp;– Members of the [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]] launch an [[Yıldız assassination attempt|attempt on the life]] of Ottoman Sultan [[Abdul Hamid II]], but the bomb missed its target, instead killing 26 people and wounded 58 others. One of the conspirators, the Armenian anarchist [[Christapor Mikaelian]], was killed during the planning stages. The Belgian anarchist [[Edward Joris]] was also among those arrested and convicted for their part in the plot.<ref name="zon">{{cite book|chapter=Edward Joris: Caught Between Continents and Ideologies?|first=Maarten|last=Van Ginderachter|title=To Kill a Sultan: A Transnational History of the Attempt on Abdülhamid II|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4w9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA77|isbn=978-1137489319|editor-last1=Alloul|editor-first1=Houssine|editor-last2=Eldem|editor-first2=Edhem|editor-last3=Smaele|editor-first3=Henk de|year=2017|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|pages=67–97}}</ref>
[[File:Atentado contra los reyes Alfonso XIII y Victoria Eugenia de España, 1906.jpg|thumb|upright=1|The attempted regicide of [[Alfonso XIII of Spain]] and Princess [[Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg]] by Catalan anarchist [[Mateu Morral]], May 31, 1906.<ref name="Sánchez2018"/>]]
* '''May 31, 1906'''&nbsp;– Catalan anarchist [[Mateu Morral]] tries to kill King [[Alfonso XIII of Spain]] and Queen [[Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg|Victoria Eugenie]] immediately after their wedding by throwing a bomb into the procession. The King and Queen are unhurt, but 24 bystanders and horses are killed and over 100 persons injured. Morral is apprehended two days later and commits suicide while being transferred to prison.<ref name="Sánchez2018">{{cite book |last=Sánchez |first=Pablo Martín |date=2018 |title=The Anarchist Who Shared My Name |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M1VyDwAAQBAJ&q=inauthor%3A%22Pablo%20Mart%C3%ADn%20S%C3%A1nchez%22&pg=PT218 |location= |publisher=Deep Vellum Publishing |page=218|isbn=978-1941920718}}</ref>
* '''February 1, 1908'''&nbsp;– [[Manuel Buíça]] and [[Alfredo Luis da Costa|Alfredo Costa]] shoot to death King [[Carlos I of Portugal]] and his son, Crown Prince [[Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal|Luís Filipe]], respectively, in the [[Lisbon Regicide]]. Both Buíça and Costa, who are sympathetic to a [[republicanism|republican]] movement in Portugal that includes anarchist elements, are shot dead by police officers.<ref>{{cite book |last= Weeks|first=Marcus|date=2016 |title=Politics in Minutes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3HDkCgAAQBAJ&q=Carlos+I+of+Portugal+propaganda+deed&pg=PT294|publisher=Quercus|isbn=978-1681444796}}</ref>
* '''June 15, 1910'''&nbsp;– The Bosnian anarchist [[Bogdan Žerajić]] attempts to assassinate the Governor of Bosnia and Herzegovian [[Marijan Varešanin]], but failed and subsequently committed suicide.<ref name="Ćorović1992">{{cite book|last=Ćorović|first=Vladimir|author-link=Vladimir Ćorović|title=Odnosi između Srbije i Austro-Ugarske u XX veku|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wam3AAAAIAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Biblioteka grada Beograda|page=624|isbn=978-8671910156}}</ref>
* '''September 14, 1911'''&nbsp;– [[Dmitri Bogrov]] shoots Russian prime minister [[Pyotr Stolypin]] at the [[Kiev Opera House]] in the presence of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]] and two of his daughters, Grand Duchesses [[Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia|Olga]] and [[Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia|Tatiana]]. Stolypin dies four days later, and Bogrov is hanged on September 25.<ref name="Smith">{{cite book |last= Smith|first=Paul J.|date=2010 |title=The Terrorism Ahead: Confronting Transnational Violence in the Twenty-First Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGNsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA22|publisher=[[Routledge]]|page=22 |isbn=978-0765619884}}</ref>
* '''November 12, 1912'''&nbsp;– Anarchist [[Manuel Pardiñas]] shoots Spanish Prime Minister [[José Canalejas y Méndez|José Canalejas]] dead in front of a [[Madrid]] bookstore. Pardiñas then immediately turns the gun on himself and commits suicide.<ref name="Jun">{{cite book |last= Jun|first=Nathan|date=2011 |title=Anarchism and Political Modernity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cueoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA109|publisher=Continuum|page=109 |isbn=978-1441166869}}</ref>
* '''March 18, 1913'''&nbsp;– [[Alexandros Schinas]] shoots dead King [[George I of Greece]] while the monarch is on a walk near the [[White Tower of Thessaloniki]]. Schinas is captured and tortured; he commits suicide on May 6 by jumping out the window of the gendarmerie, although there is speculation that he could have been [[defenestration|thrown to his death]].<ref name="Apoifis2016">{{cite book |last=Apoifis|first=Nicholas |date=2016 |title=Anarchy in Athens: An ethnography of militancy, emotions and violence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vw-pDgAAQBAJ&q=Alexandros%20Schinas%20propaganda%20of%20the%20deed&pg=PT120|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-1526100634|pages=73–75}}</ref>
* '''July 4, 1914'''&nbsp;– [[Lexington Avenue explosion|A bomb being prepared for use]] at [[John D. Rockefeller]]'s home at [[Tarrytown, New York]] explodes prematurely, killing three anarchists, Arthur Caron, Carl Hansen and Charles Berg,<ref name="MOR">Morgan, Ted, ''Reds: McCarthyism in Twentieth-Century America'', New York: Random House, {{ISBN|978-0679443995}} (2003), p. 58</ref> and an innocent woman, Mary Chavez.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1914-07-05/ed-1/seq-1/|title=New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, July 05, 1914, Image 1|first=National Endowment for the|last=Humanities|date=July 5, 1914|via=chroniclingamerica.loc.gov}}</ref>
* '''October 13''' and '''November 14, 1914'''&nbsp;– ''Galleanists'' – radical followers of [[Luigi Galleani]] – explode two bombs in New York City after police forcibly disperse a protest by anarchists and communists at John D. Rockefeller's home in Tarrytown.<ref name="MOR"/>
[[File:Assassination of George I of Greece, 1913.png|thumb|right|Assassination of [[George I of Greece]] by [[Alexandros Schinas]] in 1913 as depicted in a contemporary [[lithograph]].<ref name="Apoifis2016"/>]]
* '''September 16, 1920'''&nbsp;– The [[Wall Street bombing]] kills 38 and wounds 400 in the [[Financial District, Manhattan|Manhattan Financial District]]. ''Galleanists'' are believed responsible, particularly [[Mario Buda]], the group's principal bombmaker, although the crime remains officially unsolved.<ref>{{cite book |last= Loadenthal|first=Michael|date=2017 |title=The Politics of Attack: Communiqués and Insurrectionary Violence (Contemporary Anarchist Studies MUP Series)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f19mDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46|publisher=[[Manchester University Press]]|page=46 |isbn=978-1526114440}}</ref>
* '''September 27, 1932'''&nbsp;– A dynamite-filled package bomb left by ''Galleanists'' destroys Judge [[Webster Thayer]]'s home in [[Worcester, Massachusetts]], injuring his wife and a housekeeper.<ref name="ReferenceA">''New York Times'': [https://www.nytimes.com/1932/09/28/archives/bomb-menaces-life-of-sacco-case-judge-thayer-escapes-injury-wife.html "Bomb Menaces Life of Sacco Case Judge", September 27, 1932], accessed December 20, 2009</ref><ref>Cannistraro, Philip V., and Meyer, Gerald, eds., ''The Lost World of Italian-American Radicalism: Politics, Labor, and Culture'', Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, {{ISBN|0-275-97891-5}} (2003) p. 168</ref>  Judge Thayer had presided over the trials of ''Galleanists'' [[Sacco and Vanzetti]].<ref name="AVR2">Avrich, Paul, ''Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background'', Princeton University Press (1991), pp. 58–60</ref>