Editing Amsterdam (section)

===Conflict with Spain===
[[File:Bartholomeus van der Helst, Banquet of the Amsterdam Civic Guard in Celebration of the Peace of Münster.jpg|upright=1.5|thumb|Amsterdam citizens celebrating the [[Peace of Münster]], 30 January 1648. Painting by [[Bartholomeus van der Helst]]]]
The Low Countries were part of the Hapsburg inheritance and came under the Spanish monarchy in the early sixteenth century. The Dutch rebelled against [[Philip II of Spain]], who led a defense of Catholicism during the Protestant Reformation. The main reasons for the uprising were the imposition of new taxes, the tenth penny, and the [[religious persecution]] of Protestants by the newly introduced [[Inquisition of the Netherlands|Inquisition]]. The revolt escalated into the [[Eighty Years' War]], which ultimately led to Dutch independence.<ref name="80yearswar">{{Cite web |title=Eighty Years' War |url=http://dutchrevolt.leidenuniv.nl/nederlands/default.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512110316/http://dutchrevolt.leidenuniv.nl/nederlands/default.htm |archive-date=12 May 2008 |access-date=21 May 2008 |publisher=Leiden University |language=nl}}</ref> Strongly pushed by [[Dutch Revolt]] leader [[William the Silent]], the [[Dutch Republic]] became known for its relative [[History of religion in the Netherlands|religious]] tolerance. [[History of the Jews in the Netherlands|Jews]] from the [[Iberian Peninsula]], Protestant [[Huguenot]]s from France, prosperous merchants, and printers from [[Flanders]], and economic and religious refugees from the Spanish-controlled parts of the [[Low Countries]] found safety in Amsterdam. The influx of Flemish printers and the city's intellectual tolerance made Amsterdam a centre for the European [[freedom of the press|free press]].<ref>A case in point is that after [[Galileo affair|his trial and sentencing]] in Rome in 1633, [[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]] chose [[Lodewijk Elzevir]] in Amsterdam to publish one of his finest works, ''[[Two New Sciences]]''. See Wade Rowland (2003), ''Galileo's Mistake, A new look at the epic confrontation between Galileo and the Church'', New York: [[Arcade Publishing]], {{ISBN|1-55970-684-8}}, p. 260.</ref>