Editing Amadeo I of Spain (section)

==== Opposition to the Monarchy of Amadeo I ====
[[File:Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo with her husband.jpg|left|thumb|King Amadeo and Queen [[Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo]].]]

The high nobility and ecclesiastical hierarchy refused to recognize Amadeo's monarchy, viewing it as the embodiment of the 1868 Revolution that ended [[Isabella II]]’s reign, where they held privilege. They feared it would dismantle their status or pave the way for Republicans and “socialists” opposing property and a confessional state. The nobility adopted a {{Interlanguage link|Casticism|es|Casticismo}} stance, claiming to defend “Spanish values” against the “foreign king,” boycotting the court and snubbing Amadeo, openly loyal to the Bourbons. A notable incident, the “{{Interlanguage link|Rebellion of the Mantillas|es|Rebelión de las Mantillas}},” described by Father [[Luis Coloma]] in {{Interlanguage link|Pequeñeces...|es|Pequeñeces...}}, saw aristocratic women parade in lace mantillas and fleur-de-lis—symbols of [[Restoration (Spain)|Restoration]]—isolating Amadeo and Queen Maria Vittoria in a “court of furrile capes and shopkeepers,” as critics sneered.{{Sfn|Bahamonde|1996|pp=76-78}}{{Sfn|López-Cordón|1976|pp=147-148}}

The Church opposed Amadeo as the son of Italy's Victor Emmanuel II, who had stripped Pope Pius IX of the [[Papal States]], resisting [[Freedom of religion|religious freedom]] and measures toward [[Separation of church and state|church-state separation]]. Influenced by the [[Syllabus of Errors]], the hierarchy wielded significant sway over Catholic middle classes and rural parishes, amplifying rejection of the regime.{{Sfn|Bahamonde|1996|pp=76-78}}{{Sfn|López-Cordón|1976|p=148}} Amadeo countered by ennobling industrial and financial bourgeois supporters, but defections grew, especially among those tied to Cuban slavery—threatened by radical abolition plans—and Catalan industrialists opposing the 1869 free trade system, which Radicals upheld.{{Sfn|Bahamonde|1996|p=78}}{{Sfn|López-Cordón|1976|p=44}}

[[File:La flaca agosto de 1869.JPG|thumb|290x290px|Caricature from {{Interlanguage link|La Flaca (magazine)|es|La Flaca (revista)}}, August 1869, showing [[Neocatólicos|neo-Catholic]] {{Interlanguage link|Cándido Nocedal|es|Cándido Nocedal}} and Carlist [[Carlos de Borbón y Austria-Este|Carlos VII]].]]

The Carlists, thriving since 1868 beyond their Basque, Catalan, and Valencian strongholds, backed [[Carlos de Borbón y Austria-Este|Carlos VII]], grandson of [[Infante Carlos María Isidro of Spain|Carlos María Isidro]], seeking a traditional monarchy. Their neo-Catholic wing, led by {{Interlanguage link|Cándido Nocedal|es|Cándido Nocedal}}, pursued a “legal route,” allying with Republicans in 1871 elections to win 51 deputies and 21 senators. Amadeo's election irked them, though Nocedal restrained uprisings until September 1871.{{Sfn|Bahamonde|1996|p=78}}{{Sfn|López-Cordón|1976|p=45}} Republicans, rejecting monarchy entirely, pushed for a [[Federation|Federal Republic]], inspired by France's [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]] fall. The [[Federal Democratic Republican Party|Federal Republican Party]] united diverse factions—property defenders, “socialists,” and federalists like [[Francesc Pi i Margall|Francisco Pi y Margall]] and [[Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso|Nicolás Salmerón]]—split between legalists open to Radical cooperation and insurrectionists favoring revolt.{{Sfn|Bahamonde|1996|pp=78-80}}