Editing Alexis Carrel (section)

=== Organ transplants ===
Carrel co-authored a book with pilot [[Charles A. Lindbergh|Charles Lindbergh]], ''The Culture of Organs.'' Together, they developed the perfusion pump in the mid-1930s, which made it possible for organs to remain viable outside of the body during surgical procedures.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sade |first=Robert M. |date=2017 |title=A Surprising Alliance: Two Giants of the 20th Century |journal=The Annals of Thoracic Surgery |language=en |volume=103 |issue=6 |pages=2015–2019 |doi=10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.12.056|pmid=28528032 |pmc=5439301 }}</ref> This innovation is considered to be a significant advancement in the fields of [[Open-Heart Surgery|open-heart surgery]] and [[organ transplantation]], and it paved the way for the development of the [[artificial heart]], which became a reality many years later.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.pbs.org/wnet/redgold/innovators/bio_carrel2.html| title = Red Gold . Innovators & Pioneers . Alexis Carrel {{!}} PBS| website = [[PBS]]| access-date = 24 August 2017| archive-date = 13 April 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142138/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/redgold/innovators/bio_carrel2.html| url-status = live}}</ref> Although some critics accused Carrel of exaggerating Lindbergh's contributions to gain publicity,{{sfn|Wallace|2003|p=101}} other sources indicate that Lindbergh played a significant role in the device's development.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://mbbnet.umn.edu/doric/lindbergh.html| title = The Doric Column - Lindbergh & Carrel, organ perfusion, tissue culture, transplants, gene therapy| access-date = 6 October 2006| archive-date = 9 November 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061109195116/http://www.mbbnet.umn.edu/doric/lindbergh.html| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.charleslindbergh.com/heart| title = The "Lone Eagle's" Contribution to Cardiology| access-date = 6 October 2006| archive-date = 5 October 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061005092538/http://www.charleslindbergh.com/heart/| url-status = live}}</ref> In recognition of their groundbreaking work, both Carrel and Lindbergh appeared on the cover of [[Time (magazine)|Time magazine]] on June 13, 1938.