Editing Akhenaten (section)

=== Early reign as Amenhotep lV ===

[[File:Akenatón Berlín 05.JPG|thumb|right|x300px|Wooden standing statue of Akhenaten. Currently in the [[Egyptian Museum of Berlin]].]]

Akhenaten took Egypt's throne as Amenhotep IV, most likely in 1353{{sfn|Ridley|2019|p=45}} or 1351&nbsp;BC.{{sfn|von Beckerath|1997|p=190}} It is unknown how old Amenhotep IV was when he did this; estimates range from 10 to 23.{{sfn|Ridley|2019|p=46}} He was most likely crowned in [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]], or less likely at [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]] or [[Armant, Egypt|Armant]].{{sfn|Ridley|2019|p=46}}

The beginning of Amenhotep IV's reign followed established pharaonic traditions. He did not immediately start redirecting worship toward the [[Aten]] and distancing himself from other gods. Egyptologist Donald B. Redford believes this implied that Amenhotep IV's eventual religious policies were not conceived of before his reign, and he did not follow a pre-established plan or program. Redford points to three pieces of evidence to support this. First, surviving inscriptions show Amenhotep IV worshipping several different gods, including [[Atum]], [[Osiris]], [[Anubis]], [[Nekhbet]], [[Hathor]],{{sfn|Ridley|2019|p=48}} and the [[Eye of Ra]], and texts from this era refer to "the gods" and "every god and every goddess". The [[High Priest of Amun]] was also still active in the fourth year of Amenhotep IV's reign.{{sfn|Aldred|1991|pp=259–268}} Second, even though he later moved his capital from Thebes to [[Amarna|Akhetaten]], his initial [[Ancient Egyptian royal titulary|royal titulary]] honored Thebes—his [[nomen (Ancient Egypt)|nomen]] was "Amenhotep, god-ruler of Thebes"—and recognizing its importance, he called the city "Southern Heliopolis, the first great (seat) of Re (or) the Disc". Third, Amenhotep IV did not yet destroy temples to the other gods and he even continued his father's construction projects at [[Karnak]]'s [[Precinct of Amun-Re]].{{sfn|Redford|2013|pp=13–14}} He decorated the walls of the precinct's [[Precinct of Amun-Re#Third Pylon|Third Pylon]] with images of himself worshipping [[Ra|Ra-Horakhty]], portrayed in the god's traditional form of a falcon-headed man.{{sfn|Dodson|2014|pp=156–160}}

Artistic depictions continued unchanged early in Amenhotep IV's reign. Tombs built or completed in the first few years after he took the throne, such as those of [[TT192|Kheruef]], [[Ramose (TT55)|Ramose]], and [[Parennefer]], show the pharaoh in the traditional artistic style.{{sfn|Nims|1973|pp=186–187}} In Ramose's tomb, Amenhotep IV appears on the west wall, seated on a throne, with Ramose appearing before the pharaoh. On the other side of the doorway, Amenhotep IV and Nefertiti are shown in the window of appearances, with the Aten depicted as the sun disc. In Parennefer's tomb, Amenhotep IV and Nefertiti are seated on a throne with the sun disc depicted over the pharaoh and his queen.{{sfn|Nims|1973|pp=186–187}}

While continuing the worship of other gods, Amenhotep IV's initial building program sought to build new places of worship to the Aten. He ordered the construction of temples or shrines to the Aten in several cities across the country, such as [[Bubastis]], [[Tell el-Borg]], [[Heliopolis (ancient Egypt)|Heliopolis]], Memphis, [[Nekhen]], [[Kawa (Sudan)|Kawa]], and [[Kerma]].{{sfn|Redford|2013|p=19}} He also ordered the construction of a large temple complex dedicated to the Aten at Karnak in Thebes, northeast of the parts of the Karnak complex dedicated to Amun. The [[Temple of Amenhotep IV|Aten temple complex]], collectively known as the Per Aten ("House of the Aten"), consisted of several temples whose names survive: the Gempaaten ("The Aten is found in the estate of the Aten"), the Hwt Benben ("House or Temple of the [[Benben]]"), the Rud-Menu ("Enduring of monuments for Aten forever"), the Teni-Menu ("Exalted are the monuments of the Aten forever"), and the Sekhen Aten ("booth of Aten").{{sfn|Hoffmeier|2015|pp=98, 101, 105–106}}

Around regnal year two or three, Amenhotep IV organized a [[Sed festival]]. Sed festivals were ritual rejuvenations of an aging pharaoh, which usually took place for the first time around the thirtieth year of a pharaoh's reign and every three or so years thereafter. Egyptologists only speculate as to why Amenhotep IV organized a Sed festival when he was likely still in his early twenties. Some historians see it as evidence for Amenhotep III and Amenhotep IV's coregency, and believed that Amenhotep IV's Sed festival coincided with one of his father's celebrations. Others speculate that Amenhotep IV chose to hold his festival three years after his father's death, aiming to proclaim his rule a continuation of his father's reign. Yet others believe that the festival was held to honor the Aten on whose behalf the pharaoh ruled Egypt, or, as Amenhotep III was considered to have become one with the Aten following his death, the Sed festival honored both the pharaoh and the god at the same time. It is also possible that the purpose of the ceremony was to figuratively fill Amenhotep IV with strength before his great enterprise: the introduction of the Aten cult and the founding of the new capital Akhetaten. Regardless of the celebration's aim, Egyptologists believe that during the festivities Amenhotep IV only made offerings to the Aten rather than the many gods and goddesses, as was customary.{{sfn|Aldred|1991|p=259}}{{sfn|Desroches-Noblecourt|1963|pp=144–145}}{{sfn|Gohary|1992|pp=29–39, 167–169}}