Editing Agosta-class submarine (section)

== Variants ==
The '''Agosta-90B-class submarines''' is an improved version with modern systems, better battery with longer endurance, deeper diving capability, lower [[Cavitation|acoustic cavitation]] and better automatic control (reducing crew from 54 to 36). It can be equipped with the MESMA [[air-independent propulsion]] (AIP) system.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/agosta/|title=SSK Agosta 90B Class Submarine - Naval Technology|work=Naval Technology|access-date=2017-10-30|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605055603/http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/agosta/|archive-date=2011-06-05|url-status=live}}</ref> It is capable of carrying a combined load up to 16 torpedoes, [[Exocet|SM39 Exocet]], and [[Submarine-launched cruise missile|seaborne nuclear cruise missiles]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/agosta/|title=SSK Agosta 90B Class Submarine, France|publisher=naval-technology.com|access-date=19 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605055603/http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/agosta/|archive-date=5 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

The submarines were built through the [[technology transfer]] by France to Pakistan that resulted in [[Karachi affair|complicated and lengthy negotiations]] between the [[Benazir Bhutto|Benazir Bhutto government]] and the [[François Mitterrand#Second term: 1988–1995|Mitterrand administration]] in 1992, and signed with the [[Jacques Chirac's second term as President of France|Chirac administration]] in 1992.<ref name="AuthorHouse, Anwar">{{cite book|last1=Anwar|first1=Dr Muhammad|title=Friends Near Home: Pakistan's Strategic Security Options|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=9781467015417|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L0W51yRD0GwC&q=agosta+90+bhutto&pg=PA46|access-date=12 January 2017|language=en|date=2006-11-27}}</ref> The ''Agosta–90B''s were chosen over the British [[Upholder/Victoria-class submarine|''Upholder''/''Victoria'' class]] and the project was initially aimed at [[United States Dollar|$]]520 million<ref name="The Express Tribune, Islamabad"/> but the programme of technology transfer cost nearly $950 million, for which France first provided loans that were paid in five to six years.<ref name="Springer, Siddiqa-Agha">{{cite book|last1=Siddiqa-Agha|first1=A.|author-link1=Ayesha Siddiqa|title=Pakistan's Arms Procurement and Military Buildup, 1979-99: In Search of a Policy|date=2001|publisher=Springer|location=New York, [us]|isbn=9780230513525|pages=230|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=beJ8DAAAQBAJ&q=Agosta+90B+%24950&pg=PA162|access-date=17 January 2017|language=en|chapter-format=google books|chapter=§Arms Procurement for the Navy}}</ref><ref name="The Express Tribune, Islamabad">{{cite news|title=Agosta submarine deal - Benazir, Zardari not involved: ex-naval spy chief - The Express Tribune|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/86201/agosta-submarine-deal-benazir-zardari-not-involved-ex-naval-spy-chief/|access-date=17 January 2017|work=The Express Tribune|agency=The Express Tribune|issue=4/5|publisher=The Express Tribune, Islamabad|date=5 December 2010|location=Islamabad|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051059/http://tribune.com.pk/story/86201/agosta-submarine-deal-benazir-zardari-not-involved-ex-naval-spy-chief/|archive-date=18 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2000, France gave Pakistan the licence to offer commercial production of the submarines to potential customers.<ref name="Dawn newspapers, Osman">{{cite news|last1=Osman|first1=Ali|title=Pakistan's tool of war: Agosta 90B, our submarine in the deep|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1213256|access-date=12 January 2017|work=DAWN.COM|agency=Dawn newspapers|publisher=Dawn newspapers, Osman|date=19 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113123111/http://www.dawn.com/news/1213256|archive-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Agosta launched; ship deal on cards|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/54199|access-date=12 January 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=25 August 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113132558/http://www.dawn.com/news/54199|archive-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

The SM39 was test-fired from a ''Khalid''-class submarine in 2001.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/english/200103/11/eng20010311_64677.html |title=Pakistan Navy Test-fires Two Missiles |work=People's Daily |date=11 March 2001 |access-date=19 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008184937/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/english/200103/11/eng20010311_64677.html |archive-date=8 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[PNS Khalid (S137)|PNS/M ''Khalid'' (S137)]] – built in France by DCN Cherbourg, completed in 1999
* [[PNS Saad (S138)|PNS/M ''Saad '' (S138)]] – assembled in Pakistan with French assistance, completed in 2002
* [[PNS Hamza (S139)|PNS/M ''Hamza'' (S139)]] – built in Pakistan with French assistance, commissioned 14 August 2006
In March 2018, [[Naval Group|DCNS]], the original builder lost a bidding competition to the Turkish firm [[STM (Turkish company)|STM]], for mid-life upgrades to the 3 class subs. The upgrades will replace "the submarine’s entire sonar suite, periscope systems, command and control system, radar and electronic support systems. HAVELSAN- [Turkey’s state-controlled military software company] and ASELSAN [Turkish defense contractor]-made systems will also be exported as part of the project.” As well as install a "SharpEye low probability-of-intercept (LPI) radar system aboard" and "make modifications on the pressure hull, the most critical structure in a submarine, by carrying out system-to-system and platform-to-system integrations for various systems, to be provided by local and foreign companies.”<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Turkey to Upgrade Pakistan Navy Attack Sub |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/03/turkey-to-upgrade-pakistan-navy-attack-sub/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref>