Editing Agoraphobia (section)

=== Substance-induced ===
Chronic use of [[tranquilizer]]s and sleeping pills such as [[benzodiazepine]]s has been linked to onset of agoraphobia.<ref>{{cite book |veditors=Palmer S, Dainow S, Milner P |title=Counselling: The BACP Counselling Reader |volume=1 |year=1996 |publisher=Sage |isbn=978-0-8039-7477-7 |pages=211–4 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wnIBEQKQi7IC |vauthors=Hammersley D, Beeley L |chapter=The effects of medication on counselling }}</ref> In 10 patients who had developed agoraphobia during [[benzodiazepine dependence]], symptoms abated within the first year of assisted withdrawal.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Ashton H | title = Benzodiazepine withdrawal: outcome in 50 patients | journal = Br J Addict | volume = 82 | issue = 6 | pages = 665–71 | date = June 1987 | pmid = 2886145 | doi = 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1987.tb01529.x }}</ref> Similarly, alcohol use disorders are associated with panic with or without agoraphobia; this association may be due to the [[long-term effects of alcohol consumption]] causing a distortion in brain chemistry.<ref name="pmid17592911">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cosci F, Schruers KR, Abrams K, Griez EJ | title = Alcohol use disorders and panic disorder: a review of the evidence of a direct relationship | journal = J Clin Psychiatry | volume = 68 | issue = 6 | pages = 874–80 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17592911 | doi = 10.4088/JCP.v68n0608 }}</ref>

Tobacco smoking has also been associated with the development and emergence of agoraphobia, often with panic disorder; it is uncertain how tobacco smoking results in anxiety-panic with or without agoraphobia symptoms, but the direct effects of nicotine dependence or the effects of tobacco smoke on breathing have been suggested as possible causes. [[Self-medication]] or a combination of factors may also explain the association between tobacco smoking and agoraphobia and panic.<ref name="pmid19961810">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cosci F, Knuts IJ, Abrams K, Griez EJ, Schruers KR | title = Cigarette smoking and panic: a critical review of the literature | journal = J Clin Psychiatry | volume = 71 | issue = 5 | pages = 606–15 | date = May 2010 | pmid = 19961810 | doi = 10.4088/JCP.08r04523blu }}</ref>