Editing Age of Enlightenment (section)

===Sociology, economics, and law===
[[File:Cesare Beccaria.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Cesare Beccaria]], father of classical criminal theory]]

Hume and other [[Scottish Enlightenment]] thinkers developed a "[[A Treatise of Human Nature|science of man]],"<ref name="Magnusson">{{cite magazine |last=Magnusson |first=Magnus |title=Review of James Buchan, ''Capital of the Mind: how Edinburgh Changed the World'' |magazine=New Statesman |date=10 November 2003 |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/200311100040 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606015918/http://www.newstatesman.com/200311100040 |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=27 April 2014}}</ref> which was expressed historically in works by authors including [[James Burnett, Lord Monboddo|James Burnett]], [[Adam Ferguson]], [[John Millar (philosopher)|John Millar]], and [[William Robertson (historian)|William Robertson]], all of whom merged a scientific study of how humans behaved in ancient and primitive cultures with a strong awareness of the determining forces of [[modernity]]. Modern sociology largely originated from this movement,<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=588406 |title=Origins of Sociology: The Case of the Scottish Enlightenment |journal=The British Journal of Sociology |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=164–180 |last1=Swingewood |first1=Alan |year=1970 |doi=10.2307/588406}}</ref> and Hume's philosophical concepts that directly influenced [[James Madison]] (and thus the U.S. Constitution), and as popularised by [[Dugald Stewart]] was the basis of [[classical liberalism]].<ref>D. Daiches, P. Jones and J. Jones, ''A Hotbed of Genius: The Scottish Enlightenment, 1730–1790'' (1986).</ref>

In 1776, Adam Smith published ''[[The Wealth of Nations]],'' often considered the first work on modern economics as it had an immediate impact on British economic policy that continues into the 21st century.<ref name="Fry">M. Fry, ''Adam Smith's Legacy: His Place in the Development of Modern Economics'' (Routledge, 1992).</ref> It was immediately preceded and influenced by [[Anne Robert Jacques Turgot]]'s drafts of ''[[Reflections on the Formation and Distribution of Wealth]]'' (1766). Smith acknowledged indebtedness and possibly was the original English translator.<ref>The Illusion of Free Markets, Bernard E. Harcourt, p. 260, notes 11–14.</ref>

Beccaria, a jurist, criminologist, philosopher, and politician and one of the great Enlightenment writers, became famous for his masterpiece ''Dei delitti e delle pene'' (Of Crimes and Punishments, 1764). His treatise, translated into 22 languages,<ref name="history-world.org">{{cite web |url=http://history-world.org/enlightenment_throughout_europe.htm |title=The Enlightenment throughout Europe |publisher=History-world.org |access-date=25 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123082708/http://history-world.org/enlightenment_throughout_europe.htm |archive-date=23 January 2013 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> condemned torture and the death penalty and was a founding work in the field of [[penology]] and the [[classical school (criminology)|classical school of criminology]] by promoting [[criminal justice]]. [[Francesco Mario Pagano]] wrote important studies such as ''Saggi politici'' (Political Essays, 1783); and ''Considerazioni sul processo criminale'' (Considerations on the Criminal Trial, 1787), which established him as an international authority on criminal law.<ref>Roland Sarti, ''Italy: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present,'' Infobase Publishing, 2009, p. 457</ref>