Editing Affricate (section)

==List of affricates==
In the case of coronals, the symbols {{angbr IPA|t, d}} are normally used for the stop portion of the affricate regardless of place. For example, {{angbr IPA|t͡ʂ}} is commonly seen for {{angbr IPA|ʈ͡ʂ}}, {{angbr IPA|t͡ʃ}} for {{angbr IPA|t̠͡ʃ}} and {{angbr IPA|t͡θ}} for {{angbr IPA|t̪͡θ}}.

The exemplar languages are ones that have been reported to have these sounds, but in several cases, they may need confirmation.

===Sibilant affricates===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Voiceless !! Languages !! Voiced !! Languages
|-
| [[Voiceless alveolar affricate]] <div style="width:50px;">{{IPA soundbox|t͡s|size=200px|hidecc=y|Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate.oga}}</div> || [[Albanian language|Albanian]] ''c''<br>[[Georgian language|Georgian]] ც<br>[[German language|German]] ''z'', ''tz''<br>[[Japanese language|Japanese]] つ/ツ {{IPA|[tsu͍]}}<br>[[Kʼicheʼ language|Kʼicheʼ]]<br>[[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] ''z'' ([[pinyin]])<br>[[Italian language|Italian]] ''z''<br>[[Pashto language|Pashto]] {{lang|ps|څ}}
| [[Voiced alveolar affricate]] <div style="width:50px;">{{IPA soundbox|d͡z|size=180px|hidecc=y|Voiced alveolar sibilant affricate.oga}}</div>|| Albanian ''x''<br>Georgian ძ<br>Japanese ([[Yotsugana|some dialects]])<br>Italian ''z''<br>Pashto {{lang|ps|ځ}}
|-
| [[Voiceless dental affricate]] <div style="width:50px;">{{IPA soundbox|t̪͡s̪|size=200px|hidecc=y}}</div> || [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] ''c''<br>[[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] ц<br>[[Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]] ''c''/ц<br>[[Polish language|Polish]] ''c''
| [[Voiced dental affricate]] <div style="width:50px;">{{IPA soundbox|d̪͡z̪|size=180px|hidecc=y}}</div> || Hungarian ''dz''<br>Macedonian [[Dze|ѕ]]<br>[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] дз<br>Polish ''dz''
|-
| [[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate]] <div style="width:50px;">{{IPA soundbox|t̠͡ɕ|size=200px|hidecc=y}}</div> || Japanese ち/チ {{IPA|[tɕi]}}<br>Mandarin ''j'' ([[pinyin]])<br>Polish ''ć'', ''ci''<br>Serbo-Croatian ''ć''/ћ<br>[[Thai language|Thai]] จ<br>Vietnamese ch
| [[Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate]] <div style="width:50px;">{{IPA soundbox|d̠͡ʑ |size=180px|hidecc=y}}</div> || Japanese じ/ジ, ぢ/ヂ {{IPA|[dʑi]}}<br>Polish ''dź'', ''dzi''<br>Serbo-Croatian ''đ''/ђ<br>[[Korean language|Korean]] ㅈ
|-
| [[Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate]] <div style="width:50px;">{{IPA soundbox|t̠͡ʃ|size=200px|hidecc=y}}</div> || Albanian ''ç''<br>[[English language|English]] ''ch'', ''tch''<br>Georgian ჩ<br>German ''tsch''<br>Hungarian ''cs''<br>Italian ''ci'', ''ce''<br>Maltese ''ċ''<br>[[Persian language|Persian]] {{lang|fa|چ}}<br>Romanian ''ci'', ''ce''<br>[[Spanish language|Spanish]] ''ch''<br>Turkish ''ç''<br>
| [[Voiced palato-alveolar affricate]] <div style="width:50px;">{{IPA soundbox|d̠͡ʒ|size=180px|hidecc=y}}</div> ||Albanian ''xh''<br>[[Arabic]] {{lang|ar|ج}}<br>Czech ''dž''<br>English ''j'', ''g''<br>Georgian ჯ<br>Hungarian ''dzs''<br>Indonesian ''j''<br>Italian ''gi'', ''ge''<br>Maltese ''ġ''<br>Romanian ''gi'', ''ge''<br>Turkish ''c''
|-
| [[Voiceless retroflex affricate]] <div style="width:50px;">{{IPA soundbox|ʈ͡ʂ|size=200px|hidecc=y}}</div> || Mandarin ''zh'' ([[pinyin]])<br>Polish ''cz''<br>Serbo-Croatian ''č''/ч<br>[[Slovak language|Slovak]] ''č''<br>[[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] ''tr''
| [[Voiced retroflex affricate]] <div style="width:50px;">{{IPA soundbox|ɖ͡ʐ|size=180px|hidecc=y}}</div> || Polish ''dż''<br>Serbo-Croatian ''dž''/џ<br>Slovak ''dž''
|}
The [[Northwest Caucasian languages]] [[Abkhaz phonology|Abkhaz]] and [[Ubykh phonology|Ubykh]] both contrast sibilant affricates at four places of articulation: alveolar, postalveolar, alveolo-palatal and retroflex. They also distinguish voiceless, voiced, and [[ejective]] affricates at each of these.

When a language has only one type of affricate, it is usually a sibilant; this is the case in e.g. [[Arabic language|Arabic]] ({{IPA|[d̠ʒ]}}), most dialects of [[Spanish language|Spanish]] ({{IPA|[t̠ʃ]}}), and [[Thai language|Thai]] ({{IPA|[tɕ]}}).

===Non-sibilant affricates===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sound (voiceless) !! IPA !! Languages !! Sound (voiced) !! IPA !! Languages
|-
| [[Voiceless bilabial affricate]] || {{IPA|[pɸ]}} || Present allophonically in [[Kaingang language|Kaingang]] and [[Taos phonology|Taos]]. Not reported as a phoneme in any natural language. || [[Voiced bilabial affricate]] || {{IPA|[bβ]}} ||Allophonic in [[Banjun language|Banjun]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://phoible.org/inventories/view/1384|title=Phoible 2.0 -|access-date=2020-12-27|archive-date=2021-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204231345/https://phoible.org/inventories/view/1384|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Shipibo language#Phonology|Shipibo]]{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=}}
|-
| [[Voiceless labiodental affricate|Voiceless bilabial-labiodental affricate]] || {{IPA|[pf]}} || [[German language|German]], [[Teke language|Teke]] || [[Voiced labiodental affricate|Voiced bilabial-labiodental affricate]] || {{IPA|[bv]}} || [[Teke language|Teke]]{{citation needed|date=September 2014}}
|-
| [[Voiceless labiodental affricate]] || {{IPA|[p̪f]}} || XiNkuna [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]]
| [[Voiced labiodental affricate]] || {{IPA|[b̪v]}} || XiNkuna Tsonga
|-
| [[Voiceless dental non-sibilant affricate]] || {{IPA|[t̪θ]}} || [[New York City English|New York English]], [[Luo dialect|Luo]], [[Dene Suline language|Dene Suline]], [[Cun language|Cun]], some varieties of [[Venetian language|Venetian]] and other North Italian dialects
| [[Voiced dental non-sibilant affricate]] || {{IPA|[d̪ð]}} || [[New York City English|New York]],<ref>{{Citation
 |last         = Labov
 |first        = William
 |year         = 1966
 |title        = The Social Stratification of English in New York City
 |edition      = 2nd
 |publisher    = Cambridge University Press
 |place        = Cambridge
 |url          = http://idiom.ucsd.edu/~bakovic/variation/Labov-2006.pdf
 |access-date  = 2014-06-27
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20140824011939/http://idiom.ucsd.edu/~bakovic/variation/Labov-2006.pdf
 |archive-date = 2014-08-24
 |url-status     = dead
 |pages=36–37
}}</ref> [[Hiberno-English|Dublin]],{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=302}} and [[New Zealand English|Maori English]],<ref>{{citation
|last1=Warren
|first1=Paul
|last2=Bauer
|first2=Laurie
|year=2004
|chapter=Maori English: phonology
|editor-last=Schneider
|editor-first=Edgar W.
|editor2-last=Burridge
|editor2-first=Kate
|editor3-last=Kortmann
|editor3-first=Bernd
|editor4-last=Mesthrie
|editor4-first=Rajend
|editor5-last=Upton
|editor5-first=Clive
|title=A handbook of varieties of English
|volume=1: Phonology
|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter
|pages=614–624
|isbn=3-11-017532-0
}}</ref> Dene Suline
|-
| [[Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant affricate]] || {{IPA|[tɻ̝̊]}} || [[Mapudungun language|Mapudungun]] {{citation needed|date=October 2008}}, [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]]
| [[Voiced retroflex non-sibilant affricate]] || {{IPA|[dɻ̝]}} || [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]]
|-
| [[Voiceless palatal affricate]] || {{IPA|[cç]}} || [[Skolt Sami language|Skolt Sami]] (younger speakers), [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] (casual speech), [[Albanian language|Albanian]] (transcribed as [c]), allophonically in Kaingang
| [[Voiced palatal affricate]] || {{IPA|[ɟʝ]}} || Skolt Sami (younger speakers), Hungarian (casual speech), [[Albanian language|Albanian]] (transcribed as [ɟ]), some [[Spanish language|Spanish]] dialects. Not reported to contrast with a [[voiced palatal plosive]] {{IPA|[ɟ]}}
|-
| [[Voiceless velar affricate]] || {{IPA|[kx]}} || [[Tswana language|Tswana]],{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} [[High Alemannic German]] || [[Voiced velar affricate]] || {{IPA|[ɡɣ]}} || rowspan=1 | Allophonic in some [[English English]]<ref>{{citation
|last=Gimson
|first=Alfred Charles
|editor-last=Cruttenden
|editor-first=Alan
|year=2014
|title=Gimson's Pronunciation of English
|publisher=Routledge
|edition=8th
|isbn=9781444183092
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2nMAgAAQBAJ
|page=172
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book
|last=Wells
|first=John C.
|author-link=John C. Wells
|year=1982
|title=Accents of English 2: The British Isles
|place=Cambridge
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=0-521-24224-X
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a3-ElL71fikC
|pages=322–323, 372
}}</ref>
|-
| [[Voiceless uvular affricate]] || {{IPA|[qχ]}} || [[Nez Percé language|Nez Percé]], [[Wolof language|Wolof]], [[Bats language|Bats]], [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]], [[Avar language|Avar]], [[Tsez language|Tsez]]. Not reported to contrast with a [[voiceless uvular plosive]] {{IPA|[q]}} in natural languages. || [[Voiced uvular affricate]] || {{IPA|[ɢʁ]}} || Reported from the [[Raivavae]] dialect of [[Austral language|Austral]]<ref>{{cite journal|first=Raoul|last=Zamponi|title=Multiple sources of glottal stop in Raʔivavaean|journal=Oceanic Linguistics|volume=35|issue=1|pages=6–20|year=1996|doi=10.2307/3623028|jstor=3623028}}</ref> and [[Ekagi language|Ekagi]] with a velar lateral allophone {{IPA|[ɡʟ]}} before front vowels.
|-
| [[Voiceless pharyngeal affricate]] || {{IPA|[ʡħ]}} || [[Haida language|Haida]]. Not reported to contrast with an [[epiglottal stop]] {{IPA|[ʡ]}} || [[Voiced pharyngeal affricate]] || {{IPA|[ʡʕ]}} || [[Somali language|Somali]]. Pronounced {{IPA|[ʡʕ]}} or sometimes with weak epiglottal trilling {{IPA|[ʡʢ]}} initially, otherwise realized as {{IPA|[ʡ]}}<ref>{{cite report |last1=Edmondson |first1=Jerold A. |last2=Esling |first2=John H. |last3=Harris |first3=Jimmy G. |title=Supraglottal cavity shape, linguistic register, and other phonetic features of Somali |url=http://ling.uta.edu/~jerry/somali.pdf |access-date=2020-11-21 |archive-date=2012-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315001803/http://ling.uta.edu/~jerry/somali.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Voiceless glottal affricate]] || {{IPA|[ʔh]}} || [[Southwestern Mandarin|Yuxi dialect]], allophonic in [[Received Pronunciation]]{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=148}} || Voiced glottal affricate || {{IPA|[ʔɦ]}}
|| Not attested in any natural language
|}

===Lateral affricates===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sound (voiceless) !! IPA !! Languages !! Sound (voiced) !! IPA !! Languages
|-
| [[Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate]] || {{IPA|[tɬ]}} || [[Cherokee language|Cherokee]], [[Nahuatl language|Nahuatl]], [[Navajo language|Navajo]], [[Tswana language|Tswana]], etc.
| [[Voiced alveolar lateral affricate]] || {{IPA|[dɮ]}} || [[Gwich'in language|Gwich'in]], [[Sandawe language|Sandawe]]. Not reported to ever contrast with a [[voiced alveolar lateral fricative]] {{IPA|[ɮ]}}.
|-
| [[Voiceless retroflex lateral affricate]] || {{IPA|[ʈꞎ]}} || [[Bhadrawahi language|Bhadrawahi]], apical post-alveolar. Realization of phonemic {{IPA|/ʈl/}} in [[Kamkata-vari language|Kamkata-vari]] and [[Kamviri dialect|Kamvari]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Strand, Richard F. |year=2010 |title=Nurestâni Languages |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nurestani-languages |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106105936/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nurestani-languages |archive-date=2016-11-06 |access-date=2015-06-20 |publisher=Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition}}</ref>
| [[Voiced retroflex lateral affricate]] || {{IPA|[ɖ𝼅]}} || [[Bhadrawahi language|Bhadrawahi]], apical post-alveolar. Realization of phonemic {{IPA|/ɖl/}} in Kamkata-vari and Kamviri.
|-
| [[Voiceless palatal lateral affricate]] || {{IPA|[c𝼆]}} || as ejective {{IPA|[c𝼆ʼ]}} in [[Dahalo language|Dahalo]]; in free variation with {{IPA|[t𝼆]}} in [[Hadza language|Hadza]].
| [[Voiced palatal lateral affricate]] || {{IPA|[ɟʎ̝]}} || Allophonic in [[Sandawe language|Sandawe]].
|-
| [[Voiceless velar lateral affricate]] || {{IPA|[k𝼄]}} || as a prevelar in [[Archi language|Archi]] and as an ejective {{IPA|[k𝼄ʼ]}} in [[Zulu language|Zulu]],{{citation needed|date=December 2009}} also exist in the [[Laghuu language]].
| [[Voiced velar lateral affricate]] || {{IPA|[ɡʟ̝]}} || [[Laghuu language|Laghuu]].
|}

===Trilled affricates===
{{main|Trilled affricate}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sound (voiceless) !! IPA !! Languages !! Sound (voiced) !! IPA !! Languages
|-
| Voiceless [[Voiceless bilabial trill|trilled bilabial]] affricate || {{IPA|[pʙ̥]}} || Not attested in any natural language. || Voiced [[Voiced bilabial trill|trilled bilabial]] affricate || {{IPA|[bʙ]}} || [[Kele language (New Guinea)|Kele]] and [[Malekula Central languages|Avava]]. Reported only in an allophone of [mb] before [o] or [u].
|-
| Voiceless [[Voiceless alveolar trill|trilled alveolar]] affricate || {{IPA|[tr̥]}} || [[Ngkoth language|Ngkoth]].
| Voiced [[Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills|trilled alveolar]] affricate || {{IPA|[dr]}} || [[Nias language|Nias]]. [[Fijian language|Fijian]] and [[Malekula Central languages|Avava]] also have this sound after [n].
|-
| Voiceless epiglottal affricate || {{IPA|[ʡʜ]}} || Hydaburg [[Haida language|Haida]]. || Voiced epiglottal affricate || {{IPA|[ʡʢ]}} ||  Hydaburg [[Haida language|Haida]]. Cognate to Southern Haida {{IPA|[ɢ]}}, Masset Haida {{IPA|[ʕ]}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bessell |first=Nicola J. |title=Preliminary Notes on Some Pacific Northwest Coast Pharyngeals |url=http://lingserver.arts.ubc.ca/linguistics/sites/default/files/1993_Bessell.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185927/http://lingserver.arts.ubc.ca/linguistics/sites/default/files/1993_Bessell.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2015-06-05 |publisher=Institute for Research in Cognitive Science, University of Pennsylvania}}</ref>

|}

[[Pirahã language|Pirahã]] and [[Wari' language|Wari']] have a [[Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop|dental stop with bilabial trilled release]] {{IPA|[t̪ʙ̥]}}.

===Heterorganic affricates===
Although most affricates are [[homorganic]], [[Navajo language|Navajo]] and [[Chiricahua language|Chiricahua Apache]] have a heterorganic alveolar-velar affricate {{IPA|[tx]}}.{{sfnp|Hoijer|Opler|1938}}{{sfnp|Young|Morgan|1987}}{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996}}{{sfnp|McDonough|2003}}{{sfnp|McDonough|Wood|2008}}{{sfnp|Iskarous|McDonough|Whalen|2012}} [[Wari' language|Wari']] and [[Pirahã language|Pirahã]] have a voiceless dental bilabially trilled affricate [t̪ʙ̥] (see [[#Trilled affricates]]), [[Blackfoot language|Blackfoot]] has {{IPA|[ks]}}. Other heterorganic affricates are reported for [[Northern Sotho]]{{sfnp|Johnson|2003}} and other [[Bantu languages]] such as [[Phuthi language|Phuthi]], which has alveolar–labiodental affricates {{IPA|[tf]}} and {{IPA|[dv]}}, and [[Sesotho language|Sesotho]], which has bilabial–palatoalveolar affricates {{IPA|[pʃ]}} and {{IPA|[bʒ]}}. [[Djeoromitxi language|Djeoromitxi]] has {{IPA|[ps]}} and {{IPA|[bz]}}.{{sfnp|Pires|1992}}

===Phonation, coarticulation and other variants===
The coronal and dorsal places of articulation attested as [[ejective consonant|ejectives]] as well: {{IPA|[tθʼ, tsʼ, tɬʼ, tʃʼ, tɕʼ, tʂʼ, c𝼆ʼ, kxʼ, k𝼄ʼ, qχʼ]}}. Several Khoisan languages such as [[Taa language|Taa]] are reported to have voiced ejective affricates, but these are actually ''pre''-voiced: {{IPA|[dtsʼ, dtʃʼ]}}. Affricates are also commonly [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]: {{IPA|[ɱp̪fʰ, tθʰ, tsʰ, tɬʰ, tʃʰ, tɕʰ, tʂʰ]}}, [[breathy voice|murmured]]: {{IPA|[ɱb̪vʱ, dðʱ, dzʱ, dɮʱ, dʒʱ, dʑʱ, dʐʱ]}}, and [[prenasalized stop|prenasalized]]: {{IPA|[ⁿdz, ⁿtsʰ, ᶯɖʐ, ᶯʈʂʰ]}} (as in [[Hmong languages|Hmong]]). [[Labialization|Labialized]], [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]], [[velarization|velarized]], and [[pharyngealization|pharyngealized]] affricates are also common. Affricates may also have phonemic length, that is, affected by a [[chroneme]], as in [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[Karelian language|Karelian]].