Editing Administrative law (section)

=== France ===
{{main|Administrative law in France}}
<!-- "Administrative law in France" and "French administrative law" redirect here. See MOS:HIDDENLINKADVICE. -->

[[File:Montesquieu 1.png|thumb|The French Enlightenment political philosopher Montesquieu]]

In France, there is a [[Jurisdictional dualism in France|dual jurisdictional system]] with the judiciary branch responsible for civil law and [[French criminal law|criminal law]], and the administrative branch having jurisdiction when a government institution is involved.<ref name="MDLJ-OrgJustice">{{cite web |language=fr |date=15 September 2021 |author=French Ministry of Justice |author-link=French Ministry of Justice |title=L'organisation de la justice en France |trans-title=Organization of justice in France |website=[[:fr:Ministère de la Justice|Ministère de la Justice]] |publisher= |url=http://www.justice.gouv.fr/organisation-de-la-justice-10031/ |quote=Les juridictions françaises se répartissent en deux ordres : un ordre judiciaire et un ordre administratif. Les juridictions de l'ordre judiciaire sont compétentes pour régler les litiges opposant les personnes privées et pour sanctionner les auteurs d'infractions aux lois pénales. ... Les juridictions de l'ordre administratif sont compétentes dès qu'une personne publique est en cause (une municipalité ou un service de l'État par exemple). |trans-quote=The French courts are divided into two orders: a judicial order and an administrative order. The courts of the judicial order are responsible for settling disputes between private individuals and for punishing the perpetrators of criminal offenses. ... The administrative courts have jurisdiction as soon as a public entity is involved (a municipality or a government department for example). |access-date=4 March 2023}}</ref> 
Most claims against the national or local governments as well as claims against private bodies providing public services<ref>
[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichJuriAdmin.do?oldAction=rechJuriAdmin&idTexte=CETATEXT000007634187 C.E, 31 juillet 1912, ''Société des Granits Porphyroïdes des Vosges''] and [https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichJuriAdmin.do?idTexte=CETATEXT000007636499 C.E, Sect., 19 octobre 1956, ''Société Le Béton'']</ref> are handled by [[administrative court]]s, which use the ''[[Council of State (France)|Conseil d'État]]'' (Council of State) as a court of last resort for both ordinary and special courts.<ref>
[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichJuriAdmin.do?idTexte=CETATEXT000007636304 C.E, Ass., 7 février 1947, ''Aillières''] and [https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichJuriAdmin.do?idTexte=CETATEXT000007637848 C.E, Ass., 12 juillet 1969, ''L'Étang'']</ref> The main administrative courts are the ''tribunaux administratifs'' and appeal courts are the ''cours administratives d'appel''. Special administrative courts include the [[Cour nationale du droit d'asile|National Court of Asylum Right]] as well as military, medical and judicial disciplinary bodies. The French body of administrative law is called "''droit administratif''".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Garner|first=James W.|title=French Administrative Law|journal=The Yale Law Journal|date=April 1924|volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=597–627|doi=10.2307/787920 |jstor=787920 |url=https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/ylj/vol33/iss6/3 }}</ref>

Over the course of their history, France's administrative courts have developed an extensive and coherent [[Jurisprudence constante|case law]] (''[[jurisprudence constante]]'') and [[legal doctrine]] (''{{Interlanguage link|principes généraux du droit|fr}}'' and ''{{Interlanguage link|principes fondamentaux reconnus par les lois de la République|fr}}''), often before similar concepts were enshrined in constitutional and legal texts. These principes include:

*[[Right to fair trial]] (''droit à la défense''),<ref>
[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichJuriAdmin.do?oldAction=rechJuriAdmin&idTexte=CETATEXT000007636208 C.E, Sect., 6 mai 1944, ''Dame Veuve Trompier-Gravier''] and CE, Ass, 26 octobre 1945, Aramu</ref> including for internal disciplinary bodies
*Right to challenge any administrative decision before an administrative court (''droit au recours'')<ref>
[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichJuriAdmin.do?idTexte=CETATEXT000007636577&dateTexte= C.E, Ass., 17 février 1950, ''Ministre de l'agriculture c/ Dame Lamotte'']</ref>
*Equal treatment of [[public service]] users (''égalité devant le service public'')<ref>
[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichJuriAdmin.do?idTexte=CETATEXT000007636309 C.E, Sect., 28 juin 1948, ''Société du Journal l'Aurore'']</ref>
*Equal access to government employment (''égalité d'accès à la fonction publique'') without regard for political opinions<ref>
[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichJuriAdmin.do?idTexte=CETATEXT000007637425&dateTexte= C.E, Ass., 28 mai 1954, ''Barrel'']</ref>
*[[Freedom of association]] (''liberté d'association'')<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/conseil-constitutionnel/francais/documentation/dossiers-thematiques/2001-anniv.-loi-de-1901-relative-au-contrat-d-association/conseil-d-etat-decision-du-11-juillet-1956.16464.html |title=C.E, Ass., 11 juillet 1945, ''Amicale des Annamites de Paris'' |access-date=2016-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919195810/http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/conseil-constitutionnel/francais/documentation/dossiers-thematiques/2001-anniv.-loi-de-1901-relative-au-contrat-d-association/conseil-d-etat-decision-du-11-juillet-1956.16464.html |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Right to entrepreneurship]] (''Liberté du Commerce et de l'industrie'', lit. freedom of commerce and industry)<ref>[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichJuriAdmin.do?idTexte=CETATEXT000007636581 C.E, Ass., 22 juin 1951, ''Daudignac'']</ref>
*Right to [[legal certainty]] (''Droit à la sécurité juridique'')<ref>[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichJuriAdmin.do?idTexte=CETATEXT000008241143 C.E, Ass., 24 mars 2006, ''Sté KPMG et autres'']</ref>

French administrative law, the basis of continental administrative law, has had a strong influence on administrative laws in several other countries such as Belgium, Greece, Turkey and Tunisia.

{{Expand section|date=June 2008}}