Editing Abd al-Rahman I (section)

===Rule===
[[File:Abd al-Rahman I, Crónica general de España.jpg|thumb|A 19th century depiction of Abd al Rahman I]]
It is unclear whether Abd al-Rahman proclaimed himself caliph. There are documents in the archives of Cordoba that state that this was his first act upon entering the city. However, historically he is recorded as Emir and not Caliph. Abd al-Rahman's 7th descendant, Abd al-Rahman III, would, however, take up the title of caliph. In the meantime, a call went out through the Muslim world that al-Andalus was a [[wikt:safe haven|safe haven]] for friends of the [[Umayyad dynasty|house of Umayya]], if not for Abd al-Rahman's scattered family that managed to evade the Abbasids. Abd al-Rahman probably was quite happy to see his call answered by waves of Umayyad faithful and family. He was finally reacquainted with his son Sulayman, whom he last saw weeping on the banks of the Euphrates with his sisters. Abd al-Rahman's sisters were unable to make the long voyage to al-Andalus. Abd al-Rahman placed his family members in high offices across the land, as he felt he could trust them more than non-family. The Umayyad family would again grow large and prosperous over successive generations. One of these kinsmen, [[Abd al-Malik ibn Umar ibn Marwan]], persuaded Abd al-Rahman in 757 to drop the name of the Abbasid caliph from the Friday prayers (a traditional recognition of sovereignty in medieval Islam), and became one of his top generals and his governor in [[Seville]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kennedy |first1=Hugh |title=Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus |date=1996 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |location=London |isbn=0-582-49515-6 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NFfJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 |page=32 }}</ref>

By 763 Abd al-Rahman had to get back to the business of war.  Al-Andalus had been invaded by an Abbasid army. Far away in [[Baghdad]], the current Abbasid caliph, [[al-Mansur]], had long been planning to depose the Umayyad who dared to call himself emir of al-Andalus. Al-Mansur installed [[al-Ala ibn Mughith al-Judhami|al-Ala ibn-Mugith]] as governor of Africa (whose title gave him dominion over the province of al-Andalus). It was al-Ala who headed the Abbasid army that landed in al-Andalus, possibly near [[Beja (Portugal)|Beja]] (in modern-day [[Portugal]]). Much of the surrounding area of Beja capitulated to al-Ala, and in fact rallied under the Abbasid banners against Abd al-Rahman. Abd al-Rahman had to act quickly. The Abbasid contingent was vastly superior in size, said to have numbered 7,000 men. The emir quickly made for the redoubt of [[Carmona, Spain|Carmona]] with his army. The Abbasid army was fast on their heels, and laid siege to Carmona for approximately two months. Abd al-Rahman must have sensed that time was against him as food and water became scarce, and his troops morale likely came into question. Finally Abd al-Rahman gathered his men as he was "resolved on an audacious sally". Abd al-Rahman hand-picked 700 fighters from his army and led them to Carmona's main gate. There, he started a great fire and threw his scabbard into the flames. Abd al-Rahman told his men that time had come to go down fighting rather than die of hunger. The gate lifted and Abd al-Rahman's men fell upon the unsuspecting Abbasids, thoroughly routing them. Most of the Abbasid army was killed. The heads of the main Abbasid leaders were cut off, preserved in salt, identifying tags pinned to their ears, and then bundled together in a gruesome package and sent to the [[Al-Mansur|Abbasid caliph]], who was on pilgrimage at [[Mecca]]. Upon receiving the evidence of al-Ala's defeat in al-Andalus, al-Mansur is said to have gasped, "God be praised for placing a sea between us!"<ref>Ahmed ibn Muhammad al-Maqqari, ''The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain'', p. 81</ref> Al-Mansur hated, and yet apparently respected Abd al-Rahman to such a degree that he dubbed him the "Hawk of [[Quraysh]]" (the Umayyads were from a branch of the [[Quraysh tribe]]).<ref>Ahmed ibn Muhammad al-Maqqari, ''The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain''. p. 82</ref>

Despite such a tremendous victory, Abd al-Rahman had to continuously put down rebellions in al-Andalus.<ref>W. Montgomery Watt. ''Islamic Surveys 4: A History of Islamic Spain''. (Edinburgh; Edinburgh University Press, 1965), p. 32</ref> Various Arab and Berber tribes fought each other for varying degrees of power, some cities tried to break away and form their own state, and even members of Abd al-Rahman's family tried to wrest power from him. During a large revolt, dissidents marched on [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] itself; However, Abd al-Rahman always managed to stay one step ahead, and crushed all opposition; as he always dealt severely with dissidents in al-Andalus.<ref>Thomas F. Glick. ''Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages''. (Princeton, [[Princeton University Press]]), p. 38</ref>