Editing ATM (section)

===Further advances===
In April 1971, [[Busicom]] began to manufacture ATMs based on the first commercial [[microprocessor]], the [[Intel 4004]]. Busicom manufactured these microprocessor-based automated teller machines for several buyers, with [[NCR Corporation]] as the main customer.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aspray |first1=W. |s2cid=15782735 |title=The Intel 4004 microprocessor: what constituted invention? |journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing |date=1997 |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=4–15 |doi=10.1109/85.601727 |issn=1058-6180}}</ref>

[[Mohamed Atalla]] invented the first [[hardware security module]] (HSM),<ref name="Stiennon">{{cite web |last1=Stiennon |first1=Richard |title=Key Management a Fast Growing Space |url=https://securitycurrent.com/key-management-a-fast-growing-space/ |website=SecurityCurrent |publisher=IT-Harvest |access-date=21 August 2019 |date=17 June 2014}}</ref> dubbed the "Atalla Box", a security system which encrypted [[Personal identification number|PIN]] and ATM messages, and protected offline devices with an un-guessable PIN-generating key.<ref name="Lazo">{{cite book |last1=Bátiz-Lazo |first1=Bernardo |title=Cash and Dash: How ATMs and Computers Changed Banking |date=2018 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780191085574 |pages=284 & 311 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rWhiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA284}}</ref> In March 1972, Atalla filed {{US patent|3938091}} for his PIN verification system, which included an encoded [[card reader]] and described a system that utilized [[encryption]] techniques to assure telephone link security while entering personal ID information that was transmitted to a remote location for verification.<ref name="nist">{{cite web |title=The Economic Impacts of NIST's Data Encryption Standard (DES) Program |url=https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2017/05/09/report01-2.pdf |website=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce]] |date=October 2001 |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=30 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830020822/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2017/05/09/report01-2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He founded [[Atalla Corporation]] (now [[Utimaco Atalla]]) in 1972,<ref name="Langford">{{cite web |last1=Langford |first1=Susan |title=ATM Cash-out Attacks |url=https://h41382.www4.hpe.com/gfs-shared/20140318153228.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821033406/https://h41382.www4.hpe.com/gfs-shared/20140318153228.pdf |archive-date=2019-08-21 |url-status=live |website=[[Hewlett Packard Enterprise]] |publisher=[[Hewlett-Packard]] |year=2013 |access-date=21 August 2019}}</ref> and commercially launched the "Atalla Box" in 1973.<ref name="Lazo"/> The product was released as the Identikey. It was a card reader and [[Identity verification service|customer identification system]], providing a terminal with [[plastic card]] and PIN capabilities. The Identikey system consisted of a card reader console, two customer [[PIN pad]]s, intelligent controller and built-in electronic interface package.<ref name="Computerworld1978">{{cite journal |title=ID System Designed as NCR 270 Upgrade |journal=[[Computerworld]] |date=13 February 1978 |volume=12 |issue=7 |page=49 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fB-Te8d5hO8C&pg=PA49 |publisher=IDG Enterprise}}</ref> The device consisted of two [[keypads]], one for the customer and one for the teller. It allowed the customer to type in a secret code, which is transformed by the device, using a microprocessor, into another code for the teller.<ref name="Computerworld1976">{{cite journal |title=Four Products for On-Line Transactions Unveiled |journal=[[Computerworld]] |date=26 January 1976 |volume=10 |issue=4 |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3u9H-xL4sZAC&pg=PA3 |publisher=IDG Enterprise}}</ref> During a [[Financial transaction|transaction]], the customer's [[Bank card number|account number was read by the card reader]]. This process replaced manual entry and avoided possible key stroke errors. It allowed users to replace traditional customer verification methods such as signature verification and test questions with a secure PIN system.<ref name="Computerworld1978"/> The success of the "Atalla Box" led to the wide adoption of hardware security modules in ATMs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bátiz-Lazo |first1=Bernardo |title=Cash and Dash: How ATMs and Computers Changed Banking |date=2018 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780191085574 |page=311 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rWhiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA311}}</ref> Its PIN verification process was similar to the later [[IBM 3624]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Konheim |first1=Alan G. |s2cid=1706990 |title=Automated teller machines: their history and authentication protocols |journal=Journal of Cryptographic Engineering |date=1 April 2016 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=1–29 |doi=10.1007/s13389-015-0104-3 |url=https://slideheaven.com/automated-teller-machines-their-history-and-authentication-protocols.html |issn=2190-8516 |access-date=22 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722030759/https://slideheaven.com/automated-teller-machines-their-history-and-authentication-protocols.html |archive-date=22 July 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Atalla's HSM products protect 250{{nbsp}}million [[Card Transaction Data|card transactions]] every day as of 2013,<ref name="Langford"/> and secure the majority of the world's ATM transactions as of 2014.<ref name="Stiennon"/>

The IBM 2984 was a modern ATM and came into use at Lloyds Bank, High Street, Brentwood, Essex, the UK in December 1972. The IBM 2984 was designed at the request of [[Lloyds Bank (historic)|Lloyds Bank]]. The 2984 Cash Issuing Terminal was a true ATM, similar in function to today's machines and named Cashpoint by Lloyds Bank. Cashpoint is still a [[registered trademark]] of Lloyds Bank plc in the UK<ref>{{Cite web |date=1986-10-01 |title=UK00001286879 |url=https://trademarks.ipo.gov.uk/ipo-tmcase/page/Results/1/UK00001286879 |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=[[Intellectual Property Office (United Kingdom)|Intellectual Property Office]]}}</ref> but is often used as a [[List of generic and genericized trademarks|generic trademark]] to refer to ATMs of all UK banks.<ref name=":1" /> All were online and issued a variable amount which was immediately deducted from the account. A small number of 2984s were supplied to a U.S. bank. A couple of well known historical models of ATMs include the [[Atalla Corporation|Atalla Box]],<ref name="Lazo"/> IBM 3614, [[IBM 3624]] and 473x series, [[Diebold 10xx]] and TABS 9000 series, NCR 1780 and earlier NCR 770 series.

The first switching system to enable shared automated teller machines between banks went into production operation on 3 February 1979, in Denver, Colorado, in an effort by Colorado National Bank of Denver and Kranzley and Company of Cherry Hill, New Jersey.<ref>personal knowledge of William Patterson who was there supporting the network {{self-published inline|date=June 2023|reason=Sorry William, I know it's a pain but we can't accept unpublished personal knowledge as a source on Wikipedia}}</ref>

In 2012, a new ATM at [[Royal Bank of Scotland]] allowed customers to withdraw cash up to £130 without a card by inputting a six-digit code requested through their smartphones.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18409560 |title=ATMs to operate without a card |date=12 June 2012 |work=BBC News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120613035141/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18409560 |archive-date=13 June 2012  }}</ref>