Editing AD 1000 (section)

=== Islamic world ===
The [[Muslim world]] was in its [[Islamic Golden Age|Golden Age]]; still organised in [[caliphate]]s, it continued to be dominated by the [[Abbasid Caliphate]], with the [[Caliphate of Córdoba]] to the west, the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] in North Africa, and experienced ongoing [[Early Muslim conquests|campaigns]] [[Islamization of the Sudan region|in Africa]] and [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|in India]]. At the time, [[History of Iran|Persia]] was in a period of instability, with various polities seceding from  Abbasid rule, among whom the [[Ghaznavids]] would emerge as the most powerful.

The Islamic world was reaching the peak of its historical [[Science in the medieval Islamic world|scientific achievements]]. Important scholars and scientists who flourished in AD 1000 include [[Al-Zahrawi]] (Abcasis), [[Ibn Yunus]] (publishes his astronomical treatise ''Al-Zij al-Hakimi al-Kabir'' in [[Cairo]] in c. 1000), [[Abu Sahl al-Quhi]] (Kuhi), [[Abu-Mahmud Khujandi]], [[Abu Nasr Mansur]], [[Abu al-Wafa' al-Buzjani]], [[Ahmad ibn Fadlan]], [[Ali ibn Isa al-Asturlabi|Ali Ibn Isa]], [[Al-Karaji]] (al-Karkhi), [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (''[[Book of Optics]]''), [[Avicenna]], [[Averroes]], and [[Al-Biruni]].

By this time, the [[Turkic migration]] from the [[Eurasian Steppe]] had reached Eastern Europe, and most of the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic tribes]] ([[Khazars]], [[Bulgars]], [[Pechenegs]] etc.) had been [[Spread of Islam|Islamized]].