Editing ACE inhibitor (section)

===Pregnancy===
In pregnant women, ACE inhibitors taken during all the trimesters have been reported to cause [[congenital malformations]], [[stillbirth]]s, and [[neonatal death]]s. Commonly reported fetal abnormalities include [[hypotension]], [[renal dysplasia]], anuria/oliguria, [[oligohydramnios]], [[intrauterine growth retardation]], [[pulmonary hypoplasia]], [[patent ductus arteriosus]], and incomplete ossification of the skull.<ref name="Sidorenkov & Navis 2014"/><ref name="pmid9520613">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sørensen AM, Christensen S, Jonassen TE, Andersen D, Petersen JS | title = [Teratogenic effects of ACE-inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists] | language = da | journal = Ugeskrift for Laeger | volume = 160 | issue = 10 | pages = 1460–1464 | date = March 1998 | pmid = 9520613 }}</ref> Overall, about half of newborns exposed to ACE inhibitors are adversely affected, leading to [[birth defect]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bullo M, Tschumi S, Bucher BS, Bianchetti MG, Simonetti GD | title = Pregnancy outcome following exposure to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor antagonists: a systematic review | journal = Hypertension | volume = 60 | issue = 2 | pages = 444–450 | date = August 2012 | pmid = 22753220 | doi = 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.196352 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Byrd Ram Lerma 2019 pp. 477–482 II"/>

ACE inhibitors are [[Australian Drug Evaluation Committee|ADEC]] [[pregnancy category]] D and should be avoided in women who are likely to become pregnant.<ref name="AMH2006" /> In the U.S., ACE inhibitors must be labeled with a [[boxed warning]] concerning the risk of birth defects when taken during the second and third trimester. Their use in the first trimester is also associated with a risk of major [[congenital malformation]]s, particularly affecting the [[Circulatory system|cardiovascular]] and [[central nervous system]]s.<ref name="Cooper2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cooper WO, Hernandez-Diaz S, Arbogast PG, Dudley JA, Dyer S, Gideon PS, Hall K, Ray WA | title = Major congenital malformations after first-trimester exposure to ACE inhibitors | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 354 | issue = 23 | pages = 2443–2451 | date = June 2006 | pmid = 16760444 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa055202 | doi-access = free }}</ref>