Editing 1964 New York World's Fair (section)

=== Construction ===
[[File:1965 new york world fair.jpg|thumb|The [[Unisphere]] was selected as the fair's symbol in early 1961.<ref name="nyt19610215" />|alt=View of the Unisphere, a steel structure depicting the Earth; there are world flags in the foreground]]

Exhibitors designed their own pavilions and construction contractors hired members of local labor unions to build the structures.<ref name="Samuel p. 422">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=42}}</ref> Wagner predicted 10,000 people would be employed during construction.<ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Ellison |date=April 23, 1961 |title=1,500 Watch World's Fair 'Preview' at Flushing Park |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=15 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1325308072}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Freeman |first=Ira Henry |date=April 23, 1961 |title=Benefits of Fair Hailed by Mayor; 6 to 8 Billions Seen Added to Economy of City |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/04/23/archives/benefits-of-fair-hailed-by-mayor-6-to-8-billions-seen-added-to.html |access-date=May 24, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524171533/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/04/23/archives/benefits-of-fair-hailed-by-mayor-6-to-8-billions-seen-added-to.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The WFC hosted "preview days" where selected guests could view the construction.<ref name="Samuel p. 28">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=28}}</ref> [[The Travelers Companies]] built information centers across the U.S. to promote the fair,<ref name="Caro p. 1094" /><ref name="The Hartford Courant 1963a">{{cite news |date=November 19, 1963 |title=World's Fair to Open On Time, Official Says |work=The Hartford Courant |page=24A |issn=1047-4153 |id={{ProQuest|548241424}}}}</ref> and local chapters of the [[Elks Club|Elks]], [[Kiwanis]], and [[Rotary International|Rotary]] clubs promoted the fair nationwide.<ref name="Caro p. 1094" /> The WFC issued collectible medallions in bronze and silver<ref>{{cite news |date=January 20, 1962 |title=New York World's Fair Medallion |work=The Christian Science Monitor |page=10 |issn=0882-7729 |id={{ProQuest|510278403}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Chapman |first=Ralph |date=January 11, 1962 |title=Officials Approve Design For World's Fair Medal |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=17 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1326122990}}}}</ref> that were manufactured by [[Medallic Art Company]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jarvis |first=Cale B.  |date=February 29, 1964 |title=About Coins: Official Medal Marks New York World Fair |work=The Globe and Mail |page=24 |id={{ProQuest|1282670073}}}}</ref> Commemorative postage stamps were issued to celebrate the fair, both inside and outside the U.S.<ref name="nyt-1964-01-05">{{Cite news |date=January 5, 1964 |title=Stamp and Envelope to Mark Fair |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/05/archives/stamp-and-envelope-to-mark-fair.html |access-date=May 31, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531171411/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/05/archives/stamp-and-envelope-to-mark-fair.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 3, 1964 |title=The World of Stamps; Nations Issue Tributes To N.Y. World's Fair |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/03/archives/the-world-of-stamps-nations-issue-tributes-to-ny-worlds-fair.html |access-date=June 3, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603175000/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/03/archives/the-world-of-stamps-nations-issue-tributes-to-ny-worlds-fair.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Some [[Vehicle registration plates of New York|New York license plates]] also bore slogans advertising the fair.<ref>{{cite news |date=January 29, 1964 |title=Fair's Not Fair On License Plates |work=The Washington Post, Times Herald |page=A10 |issn=0190-8286 |id={{ProQuest|142327654}}}}</ref><ref name="Samuel p. 55">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=55}}</ref> Several hotels were built nearby to accommodate fair visitors,<ref name="Ferretti 1962">{{cite news |last=Ferretti |first=Fred |date=November 25, 1962 |title=Hotels, Motels for the World's Fair |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=J10 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1326218806}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=November 5, 1961 |title=4 New Hotels Due to Rise in Queens: Coming World's Fair Spurs Construction in Borough |work=The New York Times |page=R8 |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|115246904}}}}</ref> and public transit and roads linking the venue were also upgraded.<ref name="New Pittsburgh Courier 1964" /><ref name="Samuel p. 13; Tirella p. 44" /> The WFC opened an information office to answer visitors' questions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 22, 1964 |title=Business Is Booming at the Fair's Could-You Please-Tell-Me Concession |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/22/archives/business-is-booming-at-the-fairs-couldyou-pleasetellme-concession.html |access-date=May 31, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531193727/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/22/archives/business-is-booming-at-the-fairs-couldyou-pleasetellme-concession.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Private businesses promoted their products for the fair,<ref name="Samuel pp. 29–30">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|pages=29–30}}</ref><ref name="Schmedel 1964b">{{cite news |last=Schmedel |first=Scott R. |date=April 15, 1964 |title=Industry at the Fair: Firms Press to Reap Marketing Gains From World's Fair Outlays Many Will Get Sales Leads From Guest Books |work=The Wall Street Journal |page=1 |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|132940186}}}}</ref> and discounted tickets were sold in advance of the opening.<ref name="Hornaday 1963" /><ref name="Samuel p. 12">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=12}}</ref>

==== 1961 and 1962 ====
[[William Whipple Jr.]], the fair's chief engineer, said in September 1960 exhibitors would be able to begin erecting pavilions by 1962.<ref name="nyt-1960-09-09">{{Cite news |last=Illson |first=Murray |date=September 9, 1960 |title=Timetable Is Set for World's Fair; Chief Designer Says Basic Work Is to Be Done by Winter of 1961 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/09/09/archives/timetable-is-set-for-worlds-fair-chief-designer-says-basic-work-is.html |access-date=May 23, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523173846/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/09/09/archives/timetable-is-set-for-worlds-fair-chief-designer-says-basic-work-is.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Construction of the first building, an administration structure, began in August 1960<ref>{{cite news |date=August 1, 1960 |title=Work on Fairs First Building Starts at Once |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=6 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1327216689}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=August 1, 1960 |title=Work to Start on Fair; Construction of First Building Is Due to Begin Today |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/08/01/archives/work-to-start-on-fair-construction-of-first-building-is-due-to.html |access-date=May 23, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523173845/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/08/01/archives/work-to-start-on-fair-construction-of-first-building-is-due-to.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and was finished in January 1961.<ref>{{cite news |last=Duncan |first=Val |date=January 13, 1961 |title=1st Fair Building Houses World of Activity |work=Newsday |page=4 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|898973018}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Chapman |first=Ralph |date=January 12, 1961 |title=First World Fair Structure Opened: 900 Visitors Get a Free Luncheon After Throgs Neck Span Opening |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=19 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1325464542}}}}</ref> In early 1961, almost all of Flushing Meadows–Corona Park was closed to allow the fair's construction,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Freeman |first=Ira Henry |date=February 12, 1961 |title=City Closing Park for World's Fair; Public to Be Barred From Flushing Meadow While Construction Proceeds |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/02/12/archives/city-closing-park-for-worlds-fair-public-to-be-barred-from-flushing.html |access-date=May 19, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |postscript=none |archive-date=May 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519214704/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/02/12/archives/city-closing-park-for-worlds-fair-public-to-be-barred-from-flushing.html |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news |last=Chapman |first=Ralph |date=February 12, 1961 |title=World's Fair Landscaping Work Closes Site to Traffic |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=6 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1325186012}}}}</ref> and the [[Long Island Rail Road]]'s (LIRR) [[Mets–Willets Point station (LIRR)|World's Fair station]] opened.<ref>{{cite news |date=January 9, 1961 |title=World's Fair Station Ready On L I. R.R.: Twenty-One Trains Daily Are Scheduled |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=13 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1335743780}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=January 9, 1961 |title=World's Fair Station; Temporary L.I.R.R. Facility Opens on Wednesday |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/01/09/archives/worlds-fair-station-temporary-lirr-facility-opens-on-wednesday.html |access-date=May 24, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524150004/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/01/09/archives/worlds-fair-station-temporary-lirr-facility-opens-on-wednesday.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Workers moved trees<ref>{{cite news |last=Mayer |first=Robert |date=March 14, 1961 |title=Flushing Meadow Trees Make Way for 1964 Fair |work=Newsday |page=26 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|899085350}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=March 14, 1961 |title=Trees Transplanted at World's Fair Site |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=8 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1326253135}}}}</ref> and diverted parts of the Flushing River into tunnels.<ref>{{cite news |date=August 4, 1961 |title=Begin Work of Submerging Flushing River for the Fair |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=13 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1327042208}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Robertson |first=Nan |date=August 4, 1961 |title=Burying of River Begun for '64 Fair; Moses Starts 'Dirt Flying' to Shift Flushing Stream |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/08/04/archives/burying-of-river-begun-for-64-fair-moses-starts-dirt-flying-to.html |access-date=May 24, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |postscript=none |archive-date=May 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524203019/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/08/04/archives/burying-of-river-begun-for-64-fair-moses-starts-dirt-flying-to.html |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news |last=Gerard |first=Jane |date=August 4, 1961 |title=Moses Gives the Order, Waters Will Turn Aside |work=Newsday |page=16 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|898996937}}}}</ref> By April 1961, thirty-four countries had accepted invitations to the fair,<ref name="nyt-1961-04-24">{{Cite news |date=April 24, 1961 |title=34 Nations Accept Invitation to Exhibit In '64 World's Fair |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/04/24/archives/34-nations-accept-invitation-to-exhibit-in-64-worlds-fair.html |access-date=May 24, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524155800/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/04/24/archives/34-nations-accept-invitation-to-exhibit-in-64-worlds-fair.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and the city agreed to spend $24&nbsp;million improving the park.<ref name="Chapman 1961" /><ref name="Caro p. 1091">{{harvnb|Caro|1974|ps=.|page=1091}}</ref> Moses secretly obtained additional funds from the city government; according to Moses's biographer [[Robert Caro]], the city government may have spent as much as $60&nbsp;million on the fair.<ref name="Caro p. 1091" />

[[File:Fountains, NY Worlds Fair '64.JPG|thumb|Fountains and a reflecting pool mark the approach to the Unisphere.|alt=A large fountain-lined pool lined leads to a large, globe-like structure representing Earth.]]

In May, the WFC announced it would proceed with the planned amusement area around Meadow Lake,<ref>{{cite news |date=May 14, 1961 |title=World's Fair To Have Section For Amusement |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=11 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1335808045}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Freeman |first=Ira Henry |date=May 14, 1961 |title=Amusements Win Place at '64 Fair; Amphitheatre Area Chosen for 'High-Class' Shows – Musical Foremost |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/05/14/archives/amusements-win-place-at-64-fair-amphitheatre-area-chosen-for.html |access-date=May 24, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524174348/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/05/14/archives/amusements-win-place-at-64-fair-amphitheatre-area-chosen-for.html |url-status=live }}</ref> hiring the billionaire [[H. L. Hunt]] to operate the rides.<ref name="Samuel p. 20; Tirella p. 95">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=|page=20}}; {{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=95}}</ref> By mid-1961, the WFC had privately raised $25&nbsp;million and was predicting a $53&nbsp;million profit.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 9, 1961 |title=Fair Expected To Bring City $53,000,000: Estimate Submitted To Board by Moses |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=30 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1325421048}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Grutzner |first=Charles |date=May 9, 1961 |title='64 Fair Reports Finances Strong; Expects 40 Million in Loans by Early July – Predicts Profit of 53 Million '64 Fair Calls Finances Strong; Predicts Profits of 53 Million |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/05/09/archives/64-fair-reports-finances-strong-expects-40-million-in-loans-by.html |access-date=May 24, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524191622/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/05/09/archives/64-fair-reports-finances-strong-expects-40-million-in-loans-by.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[groundbreaking ceremony]] for the first pavilion took place that June.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sanborne |first=Phil |date=June 16, 1961 |title=Slow! Top-Drawer Sodbusters at Work |work=Newsday |page=39 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|898974994}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=June 16, 1961 |title=First Ground-Breaking Held at World's Fair Site |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/06/16/archives/first-groundbreaking-held-at-worlds-fair-site.html |access-date=May 24, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524191622/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/06/16/archives/first-groundbreaking-held-at-worlds-fair-site.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The WFC had difficulty selling the remaining bonds;<ref name="Schmedel 1961">{{cite news |last=Schmedel |first=Scott R. |date=July 25, 1961 |title=World's Fair Rivals: New York and Seattle Shows Run Into Snags On Leasing, Financing Westinghouse Balks at N.Y. Fair's Cost; Paris Agency Gives Seattle Big Boost GM Hopes to Top Futurama World's Fair Rivals: New York, Seattle Shows Run Into Snags |work=The Wall Street Journal |page=1 |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|132703509}}}}</ref> it had sold around $30&nbsp;million in promissory notes—three quarters of the total—by the end of 1961.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 2, 1961 |title=Fair Raises Funds; Three-Fourth Of Notes Offered Public Are Subscribed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/11/02/archives/fair-raises-funds-threefourth-of-notes-offered-public-are.html |access-date=May 24, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524203016/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/11/02/archives/fair-raises-funds-threefourth-of-notes-offered-public-are.html |url-status=live }}</ref> During the fair's construction, civil-rights activists expressed concerns the WFC's leadership included very few African Americans.<ref name="Tirella pp. 58–59">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|pages=58–59}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1961-06-15">{{Cite news |date=June 15, 1961 |title=World's Fair Urged to Employ Negroes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/06/15/archives/worlds-fair-urged-to-employ-negroes.html |access-date=May 24, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524203016/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/06/15/archives/worlds-fair-urged-to-employ-negroes.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Moses met with activists but he still did not appoint African Americans to leadership positions,<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 10, 1962 |title=Fair Play Asked In World's Fair |work=New York Amsterdam News |page=A3 |id={{proQuest|2293405245}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=March 24, 1962 |title=Moses Has No Comment On World Fair Bias Rap |work=New Pittsburgh Courier |page=2 |id={{ProQuest|371641299}}}}</ref><ref name="Samuel pp. 26–27">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|pages=26–27}}</ref> which attracted controversy amid the ongoing civil rights movement.<ref name="Tirella pp. 58–59" /><ref name="Samuel pp. 26–27" /> The WFC hired an African American executive to the fair's international division in 1962.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 21, 1962 |title=Moses Hires Negro In Executive Level At World's Fair |work=New York Amsterdam News |page=A1 |id={{proQuest|2293405820}}}}</ref><ref name="Samuel p. 27">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=27}}</ref> Later that year, New York governor [[Nelson Rockefeller]] formed a committee to investigate persistent complaints about discrimination within the WFC.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ingalls |first=Leonard |date=August 29, 1962 |title=Rockefeller to Check Complaint Of Bias in World's Fair Hiring |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1962/08/29/archives/rockefeller-to-check-complaint-of-bias-in-worlds-fair-hiring.html |access-date=May 28, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528013826/https://www.nytimes.com/1962/08/29/archives/rockefeller-to-check-complaint-of-bias-in-worlds-fair-hiring.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

By the beginning of 1962, more than 60 nations, the governments of 30 U.S. states, and 50 companies had agreed to exhibit at the fair.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kenney |first=Harry C. |date=January 19, 1962 |title=N.Y. World's Fair Progress: Many Firms Ready 30 States Committed Sites Largely Confirmed Arts Program Speeded |work=The Christian Science Monitor |page=4 |issn=0882-7729 |id={{ProQuest|510327177}}|postscript=none}}; {{cite news |date=March 25, 1962 |title=World Fair Takes Shape in New York |work=Chicago Tribune |page=A2 |issn=1085-6706 |id={{ProQuest|183148100}}}}</ref> The WFC also created a [[scale model]] of the fairground.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wood |first=Francis |date=January 12, 1962 |title=1964 World's Fair Begins to Shape Up—As a Scale Model |work=Newsday |page=23 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|899165827}}}}</ref> The LIRR constructed a [[Siding (rail)|siding]] from the [[Port Washington Branch]], allowing trains to deliver material onsite.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=January 1, 1962 |title=LIRR Preparing For World's Fair |magazine=Railway Age |page=20 |volume=152 |issue=1 |id={{ProQuest|882920631}}}}</ref> At a luncheon in March that year, Moses said construction had fallen behind schedule.<ref name="nyt-1962-03-23">{{Cite news |date=March 23, 1962 |title=Moses Calls Fair Behind Schedule; Cites Inability to Prod State and Foreign Governments |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1962/03/23/archives/moses-calls-fair-behind-schedule-cites-inability-to-prod-state-and.html |access-date=May 25, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525022113/https://www.nytimes.com/1962/03/23/archives/moses-calls-fair-behind-schedule-cites-inability-to-prod-state-and.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The WFC had allocated $6&nbsp;million to advertise the fair by mid-1962, and Deegan predicted its participants would spend another $75&nbsp;million of their own money on promotion.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kandel |first=Myron |date=July 25, 1962 |title=Advertising: World's Fair Promotion Cost Is Estimated |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1962/07/25/archives/advertising-worlds-fair-promotion-cost-is-estimated.html |access-date=May 27, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528013826/https://www.nytimes.com/1962/07/25/archives/advertising-worlds-fair-promotion-cost-is-estimated.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The WFC tried to attract Latin American countries to the fair.<ref>{{cite news |date=July 17, 1962 |title=Latin Nations Are Wooed to World's Fair |work=Newsday |page=14 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|913667187}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=July 17, 1962 |title=Fair Urges Entries by Latin Americans |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1962/07/17/archives/fair-urges-entries-by-latin-americans.html |access-date=May 27, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528013825/https://www.nytimes.com/1962/07/17/archives/fair-urges-entries-by-latin-americans.html |url-status=live }}</ref> By late 1962, exhibits were being finalized and many pavilions were being constructed.<ref name="Kenney 1962a">{{cite news |last=Kenney |first=Harry C. |date=September 27, 1962 |title=New York Report World's Fair Emerging |work=The Christian Science Monitor |page=16 |issn=0882-7729 |id={{ProQuest|510390122}}}}</ref> Either 68<ref name="nyt-1962-09-13">{{Cite news |last=Talese |first=Gay |date=September 13, 1962 |title=Fair Is Heralded as Biggest Event; 800 Tent Party Guests Hear Optimistic Predictions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1962/09/13/archives/fair-is-heralded-as-biggest-event-800-tent-party-guests-hear.html |access-date=May 28, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528235428/https://www.nytimes.com/1962/09/13/archives/fair-is-heralded-as-biggest-event-800-tent-party-guests-hear.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="The Christian Science Monitor 1962">{{cite news |date=October 18, 1962 |title=Giant Disk Due at Fair In New York |work=The Christian Science Monitor |page=15 |issn=0882-7729 |id={{ProQuest|510362297}}}}</ref> or 71 nations had announced plans for exhibits at the fair by then,<ref name="Kenney 1962">{{cite news |last=Kenney |first=Harry C. |date=September 14, 1962 |title=World's Fair Plans Fall Into Shape: Construction Nears |work=The Christian Science Monitor |page=10 |issn=0882-7729 |id={{ProQuest|510341563}}}}</ref> though only 35 countries had formally leased space.<ref name="Samuel p. 141">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=141}}</ref> Additionally, 125 businesses had expressed interest,<ref name="The Christian Science Monitor 1962" /> and the WFC had finished installing utilities on the fairground.<ref name="Kenney 1962" /> At the end of 1962, a small number of state and international pavilions were being built, while work in the industrial and transportation areas was progressing.<ref name="nyt-1962-12-02">{{Cite news |last=Bigart |first=Homer |date=December 2, 1962 |title='64 Fair Seeking a Global Flavor; Flags of Nonparticipating European Nations to Fly Over Private Pavilions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1962/12/02/archives/64-fair-seeking-a-global-flavor-flags-of-nonparticipating-european.html |access-date=May 29, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529022711/https://www.nytimes.com/1962/12/02/archives/64-fair-seeking-a-global-flavor-flags-of-nonparticipating-european.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Groundbreaking ceremonies were hosted for many of the international pavilions.<ref name="Samuel p. 149">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=149}}</ref>

==== 1963 and 1964 ====
[[File:6405 NY World's Fair 6 1964 (51189014682).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|A fountain in the fair|alt=A large fountain in front of a white building. A man and a girl are walking in the foreground.]]

In early 1963, the World's Fair Housing Bureau was formed to coordinate the development of hotel rooms for the fair.<ref>{{cite news |date=January 3, 1963 |title=New York World's Fair Gears for '64–'65 Throngs: Enthusiastic Support Procedure Specified |work=The Christian Science Monitor |page=2 |issn=0882-7729 |id={{ProQuest|510406641}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=January 20, 1963 |title=70 Million Due at N.Y. World's Fair |work=Los Angeles Times |pages=H12 |issn=0458-3035 |id={{ProQuest|168267309}}}}</ref> Despite commitments from state and national governments, only some of these governments were actively constructing pavilions.<ref name="The Reporter Dispatch 1963">{{Cite news |date=March 20, 1963 |title='Billion-Dollar Fair' Rising in Flushing; Prospect Is It Will Be 10 Times Seattle's |via=newspapers.com |first=Milt |last=Freudenheim |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-reporter-dispatch-billion-dollar-fa/148382453/ |access-date=May 30, 2024 |work=The Reporter Dispatch |pages=36 |archive-date=May 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531200434/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-reporter-dispatch-billion-dollar-fa/148382453/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The WFC wanted to hire 40 concessionaires and sell 70 [[intellectual property]] (IP) licenses, which the corporation hoped would raise $130&nbsp;million.<ref name="nyt-1963-05-19">{{Cite news |last=Arnold |first=Martin |date=May 19, 1963 |title=Concessionaires Lined Up for Fair; 130 Million Is Anticipated in Sales and Ride Fares |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/05/19/archives/concessionaires-lined-up-for-fair-130-million-is-anticipated-in.html |access-date=May 30, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530201403/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/05/19/archives/concessionaires-lined-up-for-fair-130-million-is-anticipated-in.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On April 22, 1963, exactly a year before the fair's opening,<ref name="Samuel p. 28" /> the U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]] activated a clock that would count down to the opening.<ref name="Hornaday 1963">{{cite news |last=Hornaday |first=Mary |date=April 24, 1963 |title=N.Y. Fair Countdown Begins: Goal Upped |work=The Christian Science Monitor |page=1 |issn=0882-7729 |id={{ProQuest|510452982}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=April 23, 1963 |title=Kennedy Starts Fair Countdown |work=The Hartford Courant |page=10 |issn=1047-4153 |id={{ProQuest|548039555}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=April 23, 1963 |title=Kennedy Starts Clock for Fair; Promises to Attend Opening in Exactly One Year. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/04/23/archives/kennedy-starts-clock-for-fair-promises-to-attend-opening-in-exactly.html |access-date=May 30, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530201403/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/04/23/archives/kennedy-starts-clock-for-fair-promises-to-attend-opening-in-exactly.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Only 48 of the 200 proposed buildings had begun construction,<ref name="Schmedel 1963">{{cite news |last=Schmedel |first=Scott R. |date=April 19, 1963 |title=World's Fair Woes: With New York Start Only Year Away, Many Exhibitors Drag Feet Ground Not Broken for Most Buildings and Construction Costs Rise; Some Back Out Cheer From Seattle Success World's Fair Woes: Many Exhibitors In New York Dragging Their Feet |work=The Wall Street Journal |page=1 |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|132860330}}}}</ref> even though construction of all major structures had to be underway by the following month.<ref name="The Reporter Dispatch 1963" /><ref name="Schmedel 1963" /> The press building opened that May,<ref name="nyt-1963-05-05">{{Cite news |last=Clark |first=Alfred E. |date=May 5, 1963 |title=Press Structure Is Opened at Fair; Salinger Is at Dedication of First Building on Site Moses Scoffs at Critics |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/05/05/archives/press-structure-is-opened-at-fair-salinger-is-at-dedication-of.html |access-date=May 30, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530201406/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/05/05/archives/press-structure-is-opened-at-fair-salinger-is-at-dedication-of.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and the following month, an insurance syndicate was formed to protect the exhibits.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 5, 1963 |title=39 Firms Insure World's Fair Art Treasures |work=Boston Globe |page=15 |id={{ProQuest|276160148}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=June 5, 1963 |title=Group to Insure Fair Exhibitors; Michelangelo's 'Pieta,' Said to Be Worth 100 Million, Among Art to Be Covered |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/06/05/archives/group-to-insure-fair-exhibitors-michelangelos-pieta-said-to-be.html |access-date=May 30, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530201404/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/06/05/archives/group-to-insure-fair-exhibitors-michelangelos-pieta-said-to-be.html |url-status=live }}</ref> By mid-1963, civil-rights groups were protesting the lack of racial diversity in the fair's development,<ref name="Samuel p. 27" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Waldman |first=Myron |last2= |first2= |date=July 29, 1963 |title=Civil Righters Set to Resume Battle Stations |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-suffolk-edition-civil-righters/147341676/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514004057/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-suffolk-edition-civil-righters/147341676/ |archive-date=May 14, 2024 |access-date=May 13, 2024 |work=Newsday |page= |pages=5, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-suffolk-edition-civil-righters/147341702/ 46]  |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|913605183}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Kihss |first=Peter |date=July 29, 1963 |title=Negroes to Push Picketing in City in Drive for Jobs; Demonstrations Due Today at Projects in Brooklyn, Queens and Harlem 'Quick' Results Asked Use of Children Threatened |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/07/29/archives/negroes-to-push-picketing-in-city-in-drive-for-jobs-demonstrations.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513211257/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/07/29/archives/negroes-to-push-picketing-in-city-in-drive-for-jobs-demonstrations.html |archive-date=May 13, 2024 |access-date=May 13, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and filed a lawsuit to halt construction.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hadjin |first=Jim |date=September 26, 1963 |title=Bias Suit Asks Halt in Fair Construction |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-bias-suit-asks/147341588/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514004054/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-bias-suit-asks/147341588/ |archive-date=May 14, 2024 |access-date=May 13, 2024 |work=Newsday |page=11  |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|913575643}} |postscript=none}}; {{cite news |date=September 26, 1963 |title=N.A.A.C.P. Suing to Halt Building; Bids Court Stop Payment on Projects Worth 10 Million Unions Named Suit Is "Class Action" |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/09/26/archives/naacp-suing-to-halt-building-bids-court-stop-payment-on-projects.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513211250/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/09/26/archives/naacp-suing-to-halt-building-bids-court-stop-payment-on-projects.html |archive-date=May 13, 2024 |access-date=May 13, 2024 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> That July, Moses denied rumors construction had fallen behind schedule.<ref name="nyt-1963-07-24">{{Cite news |last=Doty |first=Robert C. |date=July 24, 1963 |title=Fair on Schedule, Moses Contends; Director Retorts to Critics and Renews Pledge for Opening Next April |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/07/24/archives/fair-on-schedule-moses-contends-director-retorts-to-critics-and.html |access-date=May 30, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608142452/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/07/24/archives/fair-on-schedule-moses-contends-director-retorts-to-critics-and.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Tirella pp. 91–92">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|pages=91–92}}</ref>

Materials from overseas began arriving in August 1963,<ref name="nyt-1963-08-15">{{Cite news |date=August 15, 1963 |title=Fair's First Cargo Will Arrive Today |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/08/15/archives/fairs-first-cargo-will-arrive-today.html |access-date=May 30, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530215824/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/08/15/archives/fairs-first-cargo-will-arrive-today.html |url-status=live }}</ref> though work on 50 structures had not started by the next month.<ref name="nyt-1963-09-09" /> Moses became increasingly hostile toward journalists who doubted that the fair would be completed on time.<ref name="Tirella pp. 91–92" /> There were also disagreements over discounted tickets for students; Moses opposed the plan<ref name="Tirella pp. 93–94">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|pages=93–95}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bennett |first=Charles G. |date=October 10, 1963 |title=Moses Rejects Council Parley On 25c Fee for Pupils at Fair; Moses Rejects Council Parley On 25c Fee for Pupils at Fair Bulk Reductions Planned Gross Invited, Too |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/10/10/archives/moses-rejects-council-parley-on-25c-fee-for-pupils-at-fair-moses.html |access-date=May 30, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530234134/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/10/10/archives/moses-rejects-council-parley-on-25c-fee-for-pupils-at-fair-moses.html |url-status=live }}</ref> but the city government ultimately forced him to sell discounted tickets.<ref name="Tirella pp. 93–94" /><ref name="The Christian Science Monitor 1963">{{cite news |date=December 5, 1963 |title=World Fair Price Cut for Schools |work=The Christian Science Monitor |page=3 |issn=0882-7729 |id={{ProQuest|510510331}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Bennett |first=Charles G. |date=December 4, 1963 |title=Fair Will Admit Pupils for 25c When They Attend in Groups |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/12/04/archives/fair-will-admit-pupils-for-25c-when-they-attend-in-groups-25cent.html |access-date=May 31, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531012450/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/12/04/archives/fair-will-admit-pupils-for-25c-when-they-attend-in-groups-25cent.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The first pavilion, the [[Terrace on the Park|Port Authority Heliport]], was opened in October 1963.<ref>{{cite news |last=Duncan |first=Val |date=October 17, 1963 |title=Fair's 1St Building Opens With High Hopes |work=Newsday |page=15 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|964309040}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Burnham |first=Alexander |date=October 16, 1963 |title=1964 Fair Opening Its First Building; Port Authority Hall to Be Opened Officially Today |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/10/16/archives/1964-fair-opening-its-first-building-port-authority-hall-to-be.html |access-date=May 30, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531175330/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/10/16/archives/1964-fair-opening-its-first-building-port-authority-hall-to-be.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The same month, Hunt resigned as the amusement area's operator following disagreements over ticket prices and rides.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=October 30, 1963 |title=Vaudeville: H. L. Hunt Cancellation, Int'l Expo's Suit Spotlight World's Fair Lease Snags |magazine=Variety |page=53 |volume=232 |issue=10 |id={{ProQuest|1014822622}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Arnold |first=Martin |date=October 19, 1963 |title=H.L. Hunt Fun Park Is Dropped at Fair |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/10/19/archives/hl-hunt-fun-park-is-dropped-at-fair-amusement-park-dropped-at-fair.html |access-date=May 30, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530234132/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/10/19/archives/hl-hunt-fun-park-is-dropped-at-fair-amusement-park-dropped-at-fair.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Samuel p. 20; Tirella p. 95" /> Work on many of the pavilions was behind schedule due to funding issues, labor shortages, and poor weather.<ref name="nyt-1963-09-09" /> There were also labor strikes, exhibitor withdrawals, and continuing racial tensions.<ref name="Sederberg 1964" /><ref name="The Hartford Courant 1963">{{cite news |date=October 27, 1963 |title=World's Fair Fast Taking Shape |work=The Hartford Courant |page=29A1 |issn=1047-4153 |id={{ProQuest|548203247}}}}</ref> Despite these difficulties, many pavilions were nearly completed by late 1963,<ref name="The Hartford Courant 1963a" /><ref name="The Hartford Courant 1963" /> and the WFC had sold 3.8&nbsp;million advance tickets by the year's end.<ref name="nyt-1963-12-31">{{Cite news |date=December 31, 1963 |title=3.8 Million Tickets To the World's Fair Are Sold in Advance |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/12/31/archives/38-million-tickets-to-the-worlds-fair-are-sold-in-advance.html |access-date=May 31, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531012451/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/12/31/archives/38-million-tickets-to-the-worlds-fair-are-sold-in-advance.html |url-status=live }}</ref> To draw attention to the fair, the WFC displayed models of exhibits at the [[1271 Avenue of the Americas|Time-Life Building]] in Manhattan.<ref name="Samuel p. 28" /> Exhibits were installed through late 1963 and early 1964,<ref name="Samuel pp. 28–29">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|pages=28–29}}</ref> and the WFC borrowed $3&nbsp;million to fund the fair's completion.<ref name="Sederberg 1964" />

In January 1964, the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' reported the site was filled with raw material, incomplete building frames, and unpaved roads.<ref>{{cite news |last=Butler |first=Vincent |date=January 26, 1964 |title=Report From New York: Builders Rush to Complete Structures for World's Fair |work=Chicago Tribune |page=9 |issn=1085-6706 |id={{ProQuest|179358122}}}}</ref> That month, WFC officials said work on 26 buildings was behind schedule,<ref>{{cite news |date=January 23, 1964 |title=Johnson to Be Fair's First-Day Feature |work=Newsday |page=7 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|914360174}}}}</ref> and they sought to demolish a pavilion that would not be ready for the fair's opening.<ref>{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=Thomas A. |date=January 22, 1964 |title=Fair Finds Another Bone-- In Food Pavilion |work=Newsday |page=11 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|913562960}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=January 21, 1964 |title=Fair Restrained in Building Fight; Would Raze Pavilion It Says Can't Be Ready in Time |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/21/archives/fair-restrained-in-building-fight-would-raze-pavilion-it-says-cant.html |access-date=May 31, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531171415/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/21/archives/fair-restrained-in-building-fight-would-raze-pavilion-it-says-cant.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The WFC signed a document outlining ways profits from the fair were to be used.<ref name="nyt-1965-05-212">{{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=May 21, 1965 |title=Fair Says Pledge Has No Standing; Denies Responsibility for '64 List of Obligations |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/21/archives/fair-says-pledge-has-no-standing-denies-responsibility-for-64-list.html |access-date=June 4, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604183555/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/21/archives/fair-says-pledge-has-no-standing-denies-responsibility-for-64-list.html |url-status=live }}</ref> By that February, most of the major pavilions and attractions were complete,<ref name="nyt-1964-02-22">{{Cite news |date=February 22, 1964 |title=Progress Report at F-Day Mi Us 60 Finds the Fair Getting Fairer; Alice-in-Wonderland Shapes Rise Out of Mud and Disorder |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/22/archives/progress-report-at-fday-mi-us-60-finds-the-fair-getting-fairer.html |access-date=May 31, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601035207/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/22/archives/progress-report-at-fday-mi-us-60-finds-the-fair-getting-fairer.html |url-status=live }}</ref> but Whipple estimated up to 10 pavilions would not be finished before the fair's opening.<ref name="Snyder 1964">{{cite news |last=Snyder |first=Gerald S. |date=April 12, 1964 |title=Costs a Billion, Lures Millions; Opens April 22: Ready or Not N. Y. World's Fair Opens April 22 Two Season Show Sure of Success |work=Chicago Tribune |page=G15 |issn=1085-6706 |id={{ProQuest|179446275}}}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1964-02-27">{{Cite news |date=February 27, 1964 |title=Not All of Fair to Open on Time; 8 or 10 Pavilions Won't Be Ready, Engineer Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/27/archives/not-all-of-fair-to-open-on-time-8-or-10-pavilions-wont-be-ready.html |access-date=May 31, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531182658/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/27/archives/not-all-of-fair-to-open-on-time-8-or-10-pavilions-wont-be-ready.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The same month, the WFC stopped selling advance tickets, having sold 28 million.<ref>{{cite news |date=March 3, 1964 |title=Advance Ticket Sales Will Let World's Fair Repay Big Loans in '64: Discount Ticket Volume Totals $35,219,602, Allowing Firm To Pay Off Notes Due in '66 |work=The Wall Street Journal |page=15 |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|132960789}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=March 3, 1964 |title=Sale of Tickets to World's Fair Tops $35 Million; Over 28 Million Bought at Advance Rates—Total Is Triple the Forecast |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/03/archives/sale-of-tickets-to-worlds-fair-tops-35-million-over-28-million.html |access-date=May 31, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601024819/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/03/archives/sale-of-tickets-to-worlds-fair-tops-35-million-over-28-million.html |url-status=live }}</ref> There were still 4,800 construction workers on site in late March,<ref>{{cite news |last=Foust |first=Hal |date=March 31, 1964 |title=Finds There's Still Lots of Work to Be Done on New York Fair: Opening Day Is Only 3 Weeks Away |work=Chicago Tribune |page=11 |issn=1085-6706 |id={{ProQuest|179385647}}}}</ref> when the state government began hiring people for the fair.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 19, 1964 |title=New Job Center For World's Fair Will Open Today |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/19/archives/new-job-center-for-worlds-fair-will-open-today.html |access-date=May 31, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608142453/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/19/archives/new-job-center-for-worlds-fair-will-open-today.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Before the fair opened, the WFC had spent $30&nbsp;million.<ref name="Caro p. 1102">{{harvnb|Caro|1974|ps=.|page=1102}}</ref>